海南猕猴群内冲突、和解及其社会稳定机制的研究

Knowledge of how animals manage their conflicts is critical for understanding the dynamics of social systems. In the past decade, studies on primate conflict management, especially in macaques, have provided a complementary perspective on primate social systems and proposed several hypothesis to explain the evolutionary backgrounds of primate social relationships. Previous studies, however, largely confined to observations of captive populations, and provide little understanding on wild populations. .Since 1982, we have conducted long-term studies on the rhesus macaques at Nanwan Nature Reserve (E110o, N18o23'), Hainan Island, which is the southernmost distribution of Chinese rhesus populations. The prolong observation provided basic information on population dynamics, reproduction rate, life tables, activity budget, habitat characteristics, spatial distribution of the rhesus populations. We have habituated four wild groups with individual identification for all adult members. Based on previous preparations, we plan to make a further approach on detailed behavioral studies of conflict management in Hainan rhesus macaques. .The first goal of this project is to understand behavior characteristics and dominance style of Hainan rhesus populations. More specifically, we will use all-occurrence sampling, focal-animal sampling and matched-control sampling methods to collect behavioral data based on individual identification of rhesus macaque population at Nanwan Reserve, and will establish a comparative framework for evaluation of dominance style in macaques. The framework includes directional inconsistency index; grooming duration, conciliatory tendency, approach frequency, negative approach result, up/down index, aggression intensity, counter-aggression index. These behavioral measures are also useful for future comparative analysis for intra/inter species variations of social relationships. The second goal of the proposed project is to extend studies of macaque conflict management from captive populations to wild populations. We will collect ecological data, e.g. food distribution, habitat environment, to discuss behavioral adaptation and plasticity in primates.. This proposed project will be the first approach on dominance style of Chinese rhesus macaques in wild environments. The results will help test the social-ecology hypothesis, covariation hypothesis and reveal evolutionary mechanism of dominance style in rhesus macaques. It is hoped that in the future, other researchers will help the volume of comparative data in various habitats to grow, and that this type of research contributes to an overall picture of social system in macaques. Finally, the resulting database from the research proposed here should also contribute to our understanding of diversity and plasticity in primate social organization.

群居动物都会面临个体间的矛盾冲突，进而导致群内成员间的激烈争斗，影响个体关系和社会组织的稳定，灵长类具有哪些缓解群内个体间矛盾和维护社会稳定的行为机制是我们关心的问题。在掌握了海南南湾野生猕猴的组成结构、种群动态及识别群内个体的基础上，我们利用焦点动物取样法、匹配控制记录法等国际上成熟的动物行为研究技术，量化群内攻击-屈服行为、冲突后行为和非攻击性社会行为的各项指标，引入对等级结构、社会容忍度、攻击强度等的评价模式，确定海南猕猴的社会关系网和行为特点，分析其缓解群内社会矛盾和修复冲突后社会关系的行为机制，回答关于海南猕猴是否具有专制型社会的基础科学问题，为国内野生灵长类研究提供行为生态学数据和科研思路，改善国际相关研究主要局限于对饲养种群观察的现状，开拓灵长类社会稳定机制研究的范围，揭示灵长类行为机制的进化背景和适应意义，促进灵长类社会多样性理论的完善，为社会稳定机制研究提供新的思考视角。

所有社会性动物都会面临群内成员间的矛盾冲突，进而导致激烈的争斗，影响个体关系和社会组织的稳定。因此灵长类进化形成了有效解决纷争的行为学机制。目前国际上对猕猴属的社会稳定机制研究主要局限于对饲养种群的观察，缺乏野生种群内社会冲突行为的相关研究。. 项目按照原定计划顺利执行。围绕海南猕猴群内冲突、和解及其社会稳定机制的主题，在掌握了海南南湾野生猕猴的组成结构、种群动态及识别群内个体的基础上，量化群内攻击-屈服行为、冲突后行为和非攻击性社会行为的各项指标，确定了海南猕猴的社会关系网和行为特点，改善了国际相关研究主要局限于对饲养种群观察的现状，促进了灵长类社会多样性理论的完善，为社会稳定机制研究提供新的思考视角。. 本项目超额完成了研究计划，取得了一系列有特色的创新性成果。三年来，共完成专著2部，在Sience, Nature Communication 等SCI杂志发表论文13篇，日文学术论文3篇，及其他学术论文成果24篇。主持国内外学术会议7次， 参加国内外学术会议18次，邀请国际知名学者互访20余人次。. 研究成果获中国动物学会青年科技奖一等奖等科研励奖6次。项目主持人受聘为世界自然保护联盟物种保护委员会（IUCN/SCC）委员、中国动物学会灵长类学分会秘书长、《兽类学报》和《人类学学报》编辑等。. 培养教育部青年长江学者、教育部新世纪优秀人才、中组部万人计划青年拔尖人才各1名。晋升教授2名。培养大学讲师2名，博士后2名，引进国外博士后1名，副研究员1名。. 项目积极将普及和推广科研成果。基于科研成果，主持教学改革项目3项，在中央电视台等举办科普讲座13次，接收中央电视台等官方媒体专题报道15次，举办灵长类与人类进化系列讲座17次。