Retinoic acid (RA) is the most potent active metabolite of vitamin A. Maternal vitamin A deficiency or excess leads to fetal developmental malformations. Our previous results demonstrated that RA deficiency or excess gave rise to cleft palate of filial mice through perturbation of TGFβ/Smad signaling during embryonic palatogenesis; moreover, activation/inactivation of TGFβ receptor decreased/increased the mRNA expression of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH2), which is an anabolic enzyme of RA. This suggests that the balance of these two pathways may play fundamental roles during development of multicellular organisms. We herein hypothesized that RA signaling can functionally interact with the TGFβ/Smad pathway during the palatal development, and the unbalance between these two pathways may be one of the major underlying molecular mechanisms for the induction of cleft palate. However, the models of cross-talk, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the molecular pathological features for the interaction between these two pathway have remained unclear. In this project, we aim to explore these scientific questions as below during second palate development by use of modern histologic technology and molecular biological techniques: ① in the aspects of of RA and TGFβ/Smad with spatial-, temporal- and quantitative- coordinated models; ② the effects of crosswalks between the two on palatal epithelium degeneration, palatal fusion and mesenchymal cells proliferation, secretion and differentiation; ③ clarify the initial step and the key genes that lead to induction of cleft palate by imbalance of coordination between these two pathway. The purpose of this project is to provide theoretical guides for perinatal healthcare.
视黄酸是VitA的生理活性形式,孕期VitA缺乏/过量可导致胚胎发育畸形。前期工作表明:视黄酸过量/缺乏可改变胎鼠腭组织中TGFβ及下游基因Smads的表达模式,并致仔代出现腭裂;另一方面,激活/阻断TGFβ受体,可抑制/上调VitA合成酶RALDH2 mRNA表达水平。我们据此提出假设:在腭发育过程中,视黄酸途径和TGFβ/Smad存在相互作用,二者协调关系的失衡是腭裂发生的机制之一。目前尚不清楚二者的协调模式及相互作用的分子机制。为此,在本立项中,我们拟借助现代组织学技术和分子生物学手段,在次腭发育后期,阐明:①视黄酸途径和TGFβ/Smad在时、空、量方面的协调模式;②二者相互作用对上皮组织降解、双侧腭板融合、及间充质组织增殖、分泌和分化等的调节作用;③二者协调失衡致腭裂发生的始发环节及关键信息分子;到达从不同层面和角度揭示相关化合物诱发腭裂的作用机制,为围产期保健提供实验依据。
视黄酸是维生素A体内代谢产物,参与体内多种生理过程,尤其对胚胎腭正常发育至关重要。母体妊娠期接触过量视黄酸可引起子代发生腭裂。TGF-s( Transforming Growth Factor-1, -2和-3)是一类分泌型细胞因子,尤其是TGF-3,对双侧腭板融合起着不可或缺的作用。目前,过量视黄酸引发腭裂的机制尚未完全明确。本研究旨在研究在过量视黄酸诱发腭裂的过程中,视黄酸途径和TGFβ/Smad之间的协调模式及相互作用的分子机制。研究结果表明:(1)动物实验结果显示,atRA组仔鼠腭裂发生率、胎鼠死亡率均高于对照组为,两者差异有统计学意义。胎鼠腭间充质细胞软骨分化实验结果显示,在0.1-5.0μM浓度范围内,atRA呈剂量-效应关系抑制软骨分化。western blot检测表明,atRA抑制TGFβ1蛋白表达和Smad2/3磷酸化,并提高Smad7的表达水平。(2)RA可通过提高p21的表达抑制G1/S期间质细胞,并促进Rb磷酸化,导致间质细胞G1期停滞。(3)在小鼠胚胎上腭间质细胞微团培养模型中,我们发现不管是否存在TGF-β3,全反式RA能够抑制软骨形成和Smad2/3磷酸化。功能分析显示,TGF-β3或Smad2/3过表达抑制RA诱导的RARE-tk-Luc转录活性。相反,atRA或者RAR过表达可抑制由TGF-β3引起的TGF-β3报告基因p3TP-Lux的激活,在实验对照组中,CHIP分析显示了Smad转录共受体TGIF可与RAR启动子结合,但是其结合能力随着RA的加入而减弱,随TGFβ的加入而增强。另外,TGIF的减少能部分削弱RA对于TGF-β3诱导的软骨形成过程中的抑制作用,TGIF的过表达能阻止TGF-β3所降低的RA对软骨形成的抑制作用,表明TGIF在RA和TGF-β之间中起着关键的作用。(4) 用C57BL/6J近交系小鼠建立腭裂模型,研究结果显示,实验组pSmad2蛋白表达水平随atRA浓度升高而下降,Smad7水平随atRA浓度升高而升高。说明atRA抑制MEPM细胞增殖可能与atRA下调TGFβ/smad信号通路有关。总之,本研究表明,在胚胎器官发育、尤其是在腭裂诱发过程中,RA/RARs和TGF-/Smad存在相互作用,二者相互制约和协调对于上腭中嵴缝的降解、上皮细胞消失及间充质细胞分化均有重要作用。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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