龙泉大窑官瓷的物理化学性质和识别依据的核分析研究

Longquan celadon with the higher firing technology and artistic merit play a significant role in the history of Chinese ancient celadon. In the past, the research interests focus on the Longquan celadon in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasty. However, there are few reports on imperial porcelain of Longquan celadon，due to the lack of samples unearthed from kilns. After Fengdongyan kiln site at Dayao of Longquan kiln was excavated, a mass of porcelain shards carved with "Guan" at the bottom were unearthed in the layer of early Ming Dynasty. These shards provide precious samples for studying making process, internal physical chemical properties and scientifically Identification. Therefore, it is imperative to re-know the scale of production and firing technology. In this project, the imperial porcelains in the Hongwu and Yongle periods excavated at Fengdongyan kiln are the major research objects, and the civilian porcelains in the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties are also collected for comparison. The difference of material formulation in body and glaze, the development of firing technology, the distribution of elements and the variation of valence state of elements for the imperial and civilian porcelains are studied by nuclear analysis technology, such as NAA, XRF, μ-XRF, EPMA and SR-XAFS. The identification criteria are established based on comparing the imperial and civilian porcelain; and kiln properties of Fengdongyan in the end Yuan and early Ming Dynasty are discussed combining with the traditional archaeological methods.

龙泉青瓷在我国青瓷史上占有极重要的地位，具有很高的技术和艺术水平，以往研究龙泉青瓷的热点多数集中在宋元龙泉窑产品上。由于之前没有发现龙泉官窑或专供朝廷使用的官瓷，所以少有龙泉官瓷的相关研究。龙泉大窑遗址之一枫洞岩窑址考古发掘后，在明代初期地层出土了大量刻"官"款的残片，使人们重新认识了明代龙泉窑的生产规模和制瓷水平，为系统科学研究明代龙泉官瓷的制瓷工艺、内在物理化学性质和建立识别依据提供了珍贵的样品。本项目拟系统收集枫洞岩窑址出土的洪武和永乐的官器作为主要研究对象，收集元明和南北宋龙泉大窑出土的青瓷作为对比样品，采用NAA,XRF,μ-XRF,EPMA和SR-XAFS等多种核分析手段研究龙泉窑官瓷和民用瓷胎釉配方改变、烧制技术发展、元素分布和釉面呈色元素价态变化；通过窑址出土的官器与民用器的科学对比分析，建立官器和民用器的判别依据；结合传统的考古手段，研究枫洞岩窑址在元末明初的窑场性质。

在中国陶瓷史上，龙泉窑是我国生产青瓷的著名窑系，其青瓷烧制工艺已达到了我国制瓷史上的巅峰。由于龙泉窑在南宋时期的制瓷工艺达到鼎盛时期，所以以往人们研究的热点多数集中于宋元的龙泉青瓷上。虽然古代文献中有记载龙泉窑是明代初期烧造宫廷用瓷的窑场之一，但由于之前没有发掘出龙泉官窑或为宫廷烧造的龙泉官瓷，所以对龙泉官瓷的研究甚少。龙泉枫洞岩窑址发掘出土的刻龙纹和“官”字款的明代洪武和永乐时期的官瓷为系统研究龙泉官瓷提供了丰富的实物依据。.本项目采用INAA、EDXRF、EPMA和XAFS等核分析技术对比分析了龙泉官瓷和龙泉民用瓷的胎釉配方和烧制工艺，结果表明明代初期龙泉官瓷和民用瓷的胎釉主微量元素含量接近，表明其胎釉料配方较为相近；二者釉层中Fe的价态都与Fe3+的吸收边重合，表明其烧制气氛也较为相似；结合考古发掘的资料得出，枫洞岩窑址不是官窑，它是按“制样需索”模式烧造宫廷用瓷。.另外，选择枫洞岩窑址元早期、元中晚期、明早期和明中期的青瓷标本研究了元明时期民用瓷的年代特征。结果表明元明时期胎釉配方都具有延续性的特点，也进一步表明明代龙泉青瓷的制瓷工艺并没有衰落。.本项目分析了明代洪武和永乐时期官瓷胎釉配方的年代特征，并对江苏楚州河下遗址出土的洪武至天顺时期龙泉官器进行了产地判别，结果表明河下遗址中洪武至天顺时期的龙泉青瓷官器属于明洪武和永乐枫洞岩窑址的产品。.本项目增加了南宋官窑与龙泉官瓷的对比研究，采用EDXRF和EPMA分析了南宋郊坛下、老虎洞和龙泉官瓷的青瓷标本，得出龙泉官瓷的胎料配方与郊坛下白胎样品的较为相近，釉料配方与老虎洞、郊坛下均为石灰-碱釉。龙泉官瓷釉层中大量钙长石晶体的析出，表明龙泉官瓷在制瓷工艺和烧成温度上都受到南宋官窑的深远影响。