养老设施无障碍环境的色彩设计理论与方法研究

Abstract: on the background of the rapidly aging population, the humanization and scientification of the color design of facilities for the elders have been the leading edge topics. The research on the color design of facilities for the elders, which is based on the general design theory, will enhance the cognitive ability of elders, reduce both physical and psychological barriers of them, and increase the comfort of the environmental vision. At present, the research in this field in our country is too weak to offer any empirical study and system approach. Experiment analysis tools which are virtual reality technology, and interdisciplinary experiment method which includes general design theory, chromatics, psychology, and ethology, haven been comprehensively applied in this research to construct the color design theory and optimization design method for facilities for the elders in the barrier-free environment. This research has analyzed the influential factors, the order of importance and the weight of the color design theory and method of facilities for the elders in the barrier-free environment through the way of on-the-spot investigation and digital technology experiment. Furthermore, with the combination of physiology, psychology, emotion, and behavior rule of elders, and the design rule of environmental color, this research has proposed the color design theory and method of facilities for the elders in the barrier-free environment, optimized the color design method of facilities for the elders, and built the workable design model. At last, this research provides a reference for the completion and edition of relevant specification standards, and the theory basis for planning and design of facilities for the elders.

在快速老龄化背景下，养老设施色彩设计的人性化、科学化已成为前沿课题。基于通用设计理论的养老设施色彩设计研究，可以提升老年人色彩、形态、空间上的认知能力，减少生活障碍，优化视觉舒适度。目前我国此领域研究较为薄弱，缺少量化的实证研究和系统方法。本课题基于通用设计理论、NCS自然色彩系统、感性工学研究法和虚拟现实技术，建构养老设施色彩设计的量化研究。本课题将心理、行为、生理、环境设定为色彩无障碍设计的四要素，每个要素又由3-4个子要素组成，以此作为评估色彩无障碍设计质量的指标。通过分析各要素的影响因子及水平对色彩无障碍设计的影响程度，得出应该采取哪些设计要素的组合这一结论，指导色彩设计，优化设计方法。本研究可以为色彩通用设计方法论的深入研究提供理论基础，也可以为相关规范标准的完善提供参考，并为养老设施的规划设计提供科学依据。

随着适老化及无障碍改造等积极应对人口老龄化上升问题纳入国家战略，营造具有无障碍通用设计理念的适老化环境已成为重要课题，环境色彩设计作为无障碍设计的薄弱领域，亟须通过定量研究和科学化的智能辅助工具提升设计的科学性和普适性。课题基于无障碍通用设计理论、NCS自然色彩系统、感性工学研究法、虚拟现实技术、计算机编程等理论和技术手段，通过案例调研，国内外文献和标准的综合分析研究，明确了基于生理、心理和行为的综合研究策略，探索养老设施无障碍环境的色彩设计原理与设计方法。为实现提升色彩识别度与视觉舒适度，针对典型案例的室内空间色彩设计进行用户满意度实验及深度访谈，通过数学统计模型、统计软件和自主研发的智能化平台对典型环境要素的色彩、照度、亮度比、材料光泽度等色彩环境因素与人因素等影响因子量化关系进行系统研究。从低视力的生理特征角度，提出了基于响应时间和响应精度的可视度评价方法；从色彩心理学角度，提出了适宜我国老年人的无障碍色彩色域量表建构策略；从行为学角度，探讨了环境色彩与老年人行为和行动障碍的关联性；进而得出了符合广义无障碍理论和适老化理念的量化指标、智能化辅助工具和科学化设计策略。本课题为我国适老、助残的学术研究弥补了研究理论相对薄弱，量化研究方法、智能化研究工具不足的现实问题，为我国适老化和无障碍的环境设计实践提供量化评估方式、科学决策依据和设计理论的指导。