寒冷地区养老设施室内热环境需求特性与设计对策研究

With the increasing of aging population, the safety, comfort ability and health of elderly facilities have become urgent problems of the society. Based on the research of thermal comfort and energy saving of elderly facility, as well as physiological, psychological and behavioral characteristics of the elderly, this study compares the domestic pension mode with the foreign one, and analyzes the leading cause of thermal environmental problems that were found out by field survey existing in the residential building for the elderly in cold zone. Finally, it puts forward how to build a safe, comfortable and healthy residential environment by improving interior and exterior environment for the elderly..Correct judgment on thermal comfort is not only the result of human subjective judgment, but also a cognitive process related to human physiology, psychology and other conditions. Therefore, it is significant to study the characteristics and regularities of the response of human physiology and psychology while the thermal environment is changing. And it also important to confirm the ambient temperature range that human physiology and psychology can adapt in the natural environment. This research summarizes the principles of physiological experiment of thermal comfort and the principles of physiological parameters selection, in order to confirm the physiological parameters of this experimental study. Based on the physiological experiment of thermal comfort, this research carries out the questionnaire survey and analyzes the characteristics of clothing adjustment and behavior regulation in the natural environment. It preliminarily puts forward an approach to analyze the range of temperature that human can bear in interior environment, and builds a multivariate evaluation model of thermal comfort. .The contemporary urban construction with single architecture form in China is lack of local characteristics, although cities and regional climates are various. Building orientation and window position are designed without considering the influence of solar radiation and natural ventilation. Building materials and structures are almost the same without considering the influence of climate in different areas. In the process of designing elderly facilities, the most effective and direct way to make an energy conservation design is to cope with the effects of the outdoor climate and put forward passive climate control measures. Architecture design is particular in cold zone where heating is the main energy consumption in winter. Therefore, the thermal design of elderly facilities, such as the shape coefficient, building envelope insulation, heat storage, area ratio of window to wall and other issues, are determined by the winter conditions, based on which it makes further considering of how to improve the summer thermal environment and energy consumption problems. Finally, it suggests methods of energy saving design of the elderly facilities in cold zone.

随着社会老龄化不断加重，安全、舒适、健康的机构养老设施建设已经成为急需要解决的社会现实问题。本研究以寒冷地区机构养老设施的室内热环境需求特性为出发点，选取具有北方寒冷地区典型气候特点和重要经济地理位置的城市进行实际调查研究，掌握老年人对室内热环境的心理和行为适应性规律，发掘我国寒冷地区既有养老设施室内外热环境所存在的问题，取得室内物理环境参数、主观热感觉、热舒适指标，通过定量化分析养老设施室内热环境影响因素的作用规律，确定自然环境下老年人生理、心理上可接受的热舒适范围，在满足老年人热环境需求的基础上，分析绿色建筑室内环境调控手段的有效性，建立寒冷地区适宜的绿色养老设施设计原则、指标和应对策略，为寒冷地区养老设施的室内热环境设计标准的完善提供科学依据和数据支持，在推动绿色建筑更深层次发展的同时，也能够对我国养老设施建设的发展起到积极的引导作用。

目前关于机构养老设施的研究中，针对寒冷地区老年人热舒适和室内热环境需求特性的相关研究较少。天津市、保定市、邢台市在气候特性、城市规模、经济发展水平和老龄人口增长趋势等方面能够代表寒冷地区养老设施的发展现状。本文以老年人室内外热舒适评价为研究对象，对寒冷地区机构养老设施室内热环境展开研究，在满足老年人热舒适需求的前提下，做到养老设施的绿色化设计。.本研究主要采用实地调研、问卷调查、现场实测和软件模拟的研究方法。通过对寒冷地区机构养老设施内的老年人进行问卷调查，掌握了老年人对机构养老设施夏季与冬季室内热环境的热感觉评价。通过对机构养老设施夏季与冬季室内热环境的现场实测，掌握真实有效的现场实测数据，运用统计软件对室内空气温度、辐射温度、相对湿度、PMV、PPD等实测数据进行统计分析，对比不同朝向、不同楼层、标准间居室室内不同位置的热环境测试结果，掌握了寒冷地区机构养老设施夏季和冬季室内热环境现状，针对发现的具体问题，提出了改善建议。通过对现场实测数据和问卷调查结果的统计分析，建立了寒冷地区机构养老设施夏季和冬季热舒适评价模型，确立了基于老年人生理、心理和行为习惯的热中性温度，在此基础上，确认了老年人室内热舒适温度范围。.在满足本研究确立的热中性温度，保证老年人热舒适需求的基础上，运用能耗模拟软件，建立寒冷地区机构养老设施的3D模型，进行建筑全年总能耗、采暖能耗和制冷能耗模拟分析，根据发现的问题，提出节能优化对策，针对外墙、外窗、遮阳方式进行模拟优化，并对其有效性进行模拟验证，得到保定市机构养老设施最佳外墙传热系数、外窗类型、遮阳方式与遮阳材料，还对节能优化措施综合作用下的节能效果进行了模拟验证。.本研究通过对寒冷地区机构养老设施室内热环境特性与节能优化对策的研究，完善寒冷地区机构养老设施室内热环境相关参数，为寒冷地区机构养老设施的改造与新建提供理论与数据参考。