临清砖的历史谱系及其烧造工艺关键技术指标的量化研究

Since the middle age of Ming Dynasty to the late of Qing Dynasty, Linqing has always been the center of manufacturing black brick in the north of China, and provided more than one million of bricks for the royal construction works in Beijing every year. Many world cultural heritages such as The Forbidden City, The Ming Dynasty Tombs, Temple of Heaven, The East and West Qing Dynasty Tombs were built by Linqing brick. In 1996, Linqing restarted the brickworks, but the performance such as abrasive resistance, tenacity and freezing-thawing resistance of their new products, by contrast, was inferior to the bricks handed down from Ming and Qing Dynasty, and it is the same problem of other modern manufacture of black bricks, So that the cracked or the over worn outdoor floor bricks of the world cultural heritage site can’t be easily replaced. For getting more historical information of Linqing brick, establishing quantitative standard quality control system, inheriting the kiln-Firing process and promoting its effectiveness, facilitating the protection of the north architectural heritages, and providing new clue and evidence for the research on the construction progress of the Royal architecture of Ming and Qing Dynasty. The project plan to research on the following aspects: the first, retrospect the history of Linqing brick and establish a system of its historical information pedigree by collecting and collating document literature or the bricks with inscription; the second, establish a material property pedigree of Linqing brick by the analysis of its chemical component and the detection of its physical property; the third, explore the key technical parameter in the baking process such as the selection of raw material, pretreatment of raw material, producing adobe, drying adobe, placing adobe into the kiln, kiln-Firing and dripping into the kiln by theoretical analysis and experiment, and establish a standard quality control system of Linqing brick.

自明中期至清末，临清一直是北方青砖的烧造中心，每年为北京地区皇家建筑供砖百余万，造就了诸如故宫、十三陵、天坛等世界文化遗产。1996年临清砖重新复烧，但是其在耐磨、韧性以及抗冻融等方面性能都远不及明清时期，这也是当代青砖烧造所面临的普遍问题，以至故宫等遗产地都不敢轻易换掉已经风化、磨损甚至断裂的室外地砖、墙砖。为积累临清砖的历史信息，有效传承临清砖烧造技艺，提升临清砖的质量，促进明清皇家建筑遗产真实性保护，同时也为明清皇家建筑营建史的研究提供新的依据与线索。本课题拟开展以下三个方面的研究：1）通过文献档案及临清铭文砖的搜集整理，追溯临清砖的烧造历史，建立临清砖历史信息谱系；2）对收集的临清砖进行微观成分分析与物理性能检测，建立临清砖材料特性谱系；3）通过理论分析、仿真模拟与实验探索临清砖在选土、熟泥、制坯、晾坯、装窑、焙烧、洇窑等阶段的关键技术指标及其参数，建立临清砖质量控制标准体系。

经过四年的持续工作，本项目取得了如下三方面成果：1）在临清铭文砖搜集整理和历史谱系方面，本项目收录了来自已有研究披露以及临清市博物馆和故宫、天坛、十三陵、北京城墙所用临清砖的878条铭文信息，并对铭文信息进行分析，初步建立临清砖的历史谱系；2）在临清砖的化学成分分析与物理性能检测方面，本项目对869块来自临清市博物馆、故宫、天坛、十三陵、北京城墙等建筑遗产地的临清砖进行了元素原位无损检测；对搜集的临清砖以及北京、山西、江西、河南等地40块青砖进行了元素、物相、微观形貌、物理力学性质的实验室检测，初步总结了临清砖的材料特征；3）在临清砖烧造工艺关键技术研究方面，本项目基于临清砖烧造的传统工艺，进行了实验室模拟烧造试验和烧窑现场测温试验，将烧造工艺的关键指标标准化，初步建立临清砖烧造温度质量控制标准。本项目填补了临清砖历史谱系、材料检测和烧造工艺的研究空白，构建了以临清烧造为中心的系统研究，有效传承了“临清贡砖烧制技艺”，为提升临清砖的质量奠定了基础，保护了北京地区明清建筑遗产的真实性，促进了明清皇家建筑营建史的研究，增强了地方文化自信，带动了地方产业发展。未来将持续收集临清砖的样本不断深化临清砖铭文、历史谱系的研究；进一步拓展与南京城墙保护管理中心、凤阳明中都皇故城国家考古遗址公园管理处的合作，接续开展临清砖材料谱系与明代三都用砖谱系的研究；通过试验优化临清砖的关键技术指标与质量控制标准体系，揭示当前青砖病害的材料机理，开展临清砖的改性研究。.在完成上述研究工作的过程中，取得了预期的研究成果，发表SCI期刊论文1篇，会议论文5篇，发明专利2项，培养硕士研究生8名（已毕业3名，在读5名），指导本科生完成毕业设计1人次。本项目为《丰台火车站现存城砖综合研究》《南京城墙砖成分检测与分析》在技术与方法上提供了重要的支撑。以此项目为基础，承担了十三五国家重点研发计划子课题两项。