北京地区城市森林疗养空间特征识别及健康效益定量评价

With the deterioration of the urban environments and the increase of the working pressure of the urban population, the improvement of the public health and the community health has become a critical issue.Urban forests are characterized by the natural elements such as plants, which are different from the other urban environments. Their effective behaviors for the improving urban habitual diseases, psychological diseases and mental diseases have been clinically verified.However, there is a lack of a quantitatively and systematically basic research to provide the scientific data for the urban forest therapy space design. The purpose of this project is to explore the relationship between the exertion of the healthy function of the urban forest and its spatial characteristics. Using the healthy associated data, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), attention, mood scales as indicators which are related to human physical and mental health to identify the spatial characteristics of the urban forest therapy from the tree species selection, space composition and landscape recognition, and to quantitatively evaluate the healthy benefits.For the physiological level, the effects of vegetation characteristics of different tree species, tree age and canopy density on human physiological health will be explored; for the psychological level, the effects of spatial characteristics of walking (linear) and resting (surface) recuperation activities on human mental health will be explored, and landscape facilities and elements based on user perception will be identified.The purpose is to form a measurement system for the construction of Beijing urban forest therapy space, and to provide a scientific basis for the planning and design of the healthy space in the urban green space in China.

随着城市人居环境恶化及城市人群工作压力增大,公众健康、社群健康改善成为重要课题。城市森林以包含植物等自然要素为主要特征,区别于其他城市环境,其对于改善城市生活习惯病、心理类及精神类疾病的有效性得到临床验证。但目前缺少为城市森林疗养空间营造提供科学数据的定量化、系统性基础研究。本项目以探究城市森林疗养空间特征与健康效益之间的关系为目的,拟以与人体身心健康相关的心电、肌电、专注力、情绪量表为指标, 从生理到心理两个层面，从树种选择、空间塑造到景观认知三个维度识别城市森林疗养空间特征，定量评价其健康效益。在生理层面，探究城市森林不同树种、树龄、郁闭度的植被特性对人体生理健康影响；在心理层面，探究散步（线状）和静息（面状）两种疗养活动空间特征对人体心理健康影响，并识别基于使用者感知的景观设施和要素，旨在形成北京地区城市森林疗养空间度量体系,也为我国城市绿地保健型空间设计提供参考。

在健康中国战略背景下，如何通过城市绿色空间的科学供给，进行公众健康干预，解决城乡居民健康问题是重要议题。城市森林以包含植物这一自然要素为特征,区别于其他城市环境,其对于改善城市生活习惯病、心理类及精神类疾病的有效性得到临床验证。本项目从植被空间属性、空间构成到景观认知(landscape perception)三个维度和城市、场地两个尺度对城市森林疗养空间特征与健康效益关系进行探索，研究发现：城市尺度上（1）城市森林植被暴露水平与公共健康水平之间存在显著正相关性，臭氧是城市森林与公共健康水平之间的主要中介变量，人均GDP为城市森林对臭氧作用的调节变量，其强弱程度会影响公共健康。（2）从北京市各区城市森林植被空间格局指数与公共健康关系来看，植被斑块面积（CA）、总斑块百分比（PLAND）、最大斑块指数（LPI）、平均斑块面积（AREA_MN）和聚集度（AI）均与全因死亡率呈负相关，植被斑块密度（PD）、边缘密度（ED）和平均形状指数（SHAPE_MN）与全因死亡率呈正相关。优化主城区（东城区、西城区、朝阳区、海淀区、丰台区和石景山区）及通州区、大兴区植被空间布局利于降低该区居民全因死亡率。场地尺度上（1）树形呈现伞状的蒙古栎/辽东栎、油松比圆锥树形更具吸引力，并且50年左右树龄比10年、3-5年左右树龄在视觉方面更具有积极的心理刺激。（2）空间宽高比为10m:1.5m-15m:1.5m、40%-60%左右林间通透度和木质材料构成的散步空间，面积能容纳20人左右、空间半围合半开敞、郁闭度在60%左右且下垫面木质的静息空间符合市民的心理偏好。（3）符合使用者认知的城市森林疗愈型场景景观设施包括交通设施、休憩设施、游乐设施、体育设施、文化设施、基础服务设施6大类22小类，景观要素包括天象与天气要素、植物要素、动物要素、山水要素4大类50小类。（4）童年期在乡村环境度过的人群更喜欢到森林型自然环境中释放压力。研究成果为构建科学的城市森林疗愈空间体系提供重要基础，已发表11篇学术论文、被录用待发表2篇学术论文。