全球生产网络视角下中国-东盟产业转移及区域生产网络重构：以跨国公司从珠三角转向越南和柬埔寨为例

China's rise as a "world factory" has been attributed to the strategic coupling of the coastal regions, viz. Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in the Global Production Networks (GPNs) driven by transnational corporations (TNCs). Since 2000, these export-led regions have encountered unprecedented challenges, which have engendered relocation of labour-intensive TNCs from China to lower-cost locations, e.g. inland China and neighbouring Southeast Asia. Moreover, the 2000s, especially the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, witnessed the shift of markets for final products from Global North to South, particularly emerging economies in Asia, e.g. China. However, little attention has been paid to the rise of China as a growing market for emerging production networks in Southeast Asia and relative decline of the US and EU as prevalent external markets. Compared with numerous studies on internal industrial relocation within China, little has been conducted on cross-border production expansion to Southeast Asia, the implications of which for global and regional production networks remain understudied. . Drawing upon the dynamic perspective of the global production networks approach, i.e. the so-called GPN2.0, this project develops a multi-scalar framework to investigate industrial relocation of labour-intensive TNCs from China to Southeast Asia since 2000. Taking electronics and garment industries as cases, the study explores the competitive dynamics and patterns of industrial relocation, based on firm-level surveys and in-depth interviews in Shenzhen and Dongguan in the PRD as sample origins in China, as well as Vietnam and Cambodia as sample destinations in ASEAN. The study sheds light on the ASEAN countries as competitive locations for the expanded industrial space beyond coastal China. It examines the intra- and inter-firm linkages in the cross-border production networks and implications for trade in final goods and intermediates respectively between China and the ASEAN. Particular emphasis is put on China's growing market for the expanded production and trade networks in East and Southeast Asia, which used to mainly target the Western core markets. . The project aims to make a modest contribution to the emerging literature on the dialectic relationship between global and regional production networks and implications for trade patterns, through an initial attempt at integrating China's rising market in the conceptual framework of GPNs. The research findings hopefully provide practical implications for governments and business to formulate viable policies and strategies in the dialectic context of the China-ASEAN regional integration and increasing globalizing economy.

自2000年以来，我国东南沿海尤其是珠三角面临着劳动力等要素低成本优势减弱以及内外部投资环境和政策改变的挑战，出现了跨国公司迁往内陆和邻近东盟国家产业转移的迹象。现有文献侧重于探讨从沿海到中西部的境内迁移，对跨国公司跨境转移至东盟及其影响的研究则相对缺乏。2008年全球金融危机后，以中国为加工制造核心的东亚区域生产网络依赖出口欧美等发达市场的弊端逐步显现。后危机全球化格局下区域生产网络和贸易格局的转变，已成为倍受关注的课题。本研究以电子和纺织服装业跨国公司从珠三角转向越南和柬埔寨为例，通过实地考察、问卷调查和深度访谈，探究中国—东盟跨境产业转移的动力机制及其对区域生产网络重构的影响，剖析中国在东盟嵌入全球生产网络中扮演的角色，揭示中国作为新兴市场对区域贸易格局演变的意义。本研究从动态视角拓展全球生产网络理论和丰富实证分析，并为深化我国与东盟的区域经贸合作及制定产业和贸易政策提供科学依据。

本研究通过在越南和柬埔寨持续四年的实地考察、问卷调查和深度访谈，探究中国—东盟跨境产业转移的动力机制及其对亚洲区域生产网络重构的影响。本项目的主要研究内容以及相关的重要研究发现和结果包括三方面： .第一，构建了多层尺度策略耦合 (multi-scalar strategic coupling)跨境生产网络分析框架。以手机行业的跨境迁移为例，本项目研究和比较了全球手机生产网络中不同层级的企业，如南韩的三星和LG，台湾的富士康，以及作为原配件供应商的中国企业在越南北部的生产网络组织，从而协助越南融入全球电子生产网络。.第二，研究提出了以“中国＋1”模式的跨境生产网络范式，彰显越南政府借鉴中国工业园区发展经验的‘路径转移’(path transplantation)，丰富了演化经济地理 (Evolutionary Economic Geography)的实证研究。.第三，以家用电器企业迁移至越南南部以胡志明市为核心的湄公河三角洲为例，分析了中国新兴跨国企业（Emerging Transnational Corporations，ETNCs)在推动东盟，特别是越南嵌入亚洲区域和全球生产网络中扮演的角色。.第四，以中国企业在柬埔寨服装成衣跨境生产为例，本项目揭示了以中国跨国企业为核心的区域生产网络的形成，推进了现有文献侧重以日本和亚洲 “四小龙”为核心的的亚洲区域生产网络 (Asian regional production networks) 的理论发展和实证分析。.项目的科学意义体现在对中国企业在越南和柬埔寨投资作为南南（South-South）跨境生产网络的研究，推进了现有ETNCs和GPN的理论发展和亚洲区域生产网络的实证研究。此外，本项目的研究成果对国家和沿海地区包括珠三角和长三角调整产业政策，中国－东盟经贸关系，以及一带一路海上丝绸之路之间的产业合作具有现实意义。