上下学过剩出行测度、形成机制及公共政策意义：学住空间匹配性研究的新视角

The destination of school travel in the basic education stage is usually restricted by school district in China. However, many students travel a longer distance to school actively or positively than the distance between their residence and the nearest school. That means school travels are usually excess or wasteful in terms of travel distance. Excess school travel in this proposal, which is similar to “wasteful commuting” and “excess commuting”, is concerned with the difference between the actual distance and the minimum distance of school travel. And there is little literature concerning on this issue till now. The main data needed in this research is O-D travel data and other information about school travels, all of which will be collected by questionnaire survey, as well as digital street networks. This proposal focuses on four research topics. The first is the measurement and spatial variation analysis of excess school travel, and comparative analysis of excess travel in different stage of basic education. The key of this measurement is calculating the actual distance and the minimum distance of school travel by advanced GIS methods. The second is aim to explore the formation mechanism of excess school travel by the following aspects: (1) family and individual attributes, (2) educational system, (3) household registration system, (4) urban spatial structure and (5) social factors. The third topic is policy implication of excess school travel that will be designed to decrease excess school travel. And the last one is the implication of excess school travel for the researches on residence-school spatial matching. This research aims to fill the gap in the research field of excess school travel, and offers a new perspective of the study of residence-school spatial matching. Besides, optimization of school travel to certain degrees can lead to energy saving, emission of harmful gases decrease, environment protecting and traffic congestion relieving.

我国中小学上下学虽然受学区限制，但许多上下学出行活动在距离上存在明显的“过剩”。与过剩通勤一样，上下学过剩出行研究具有学术价值和现实意义，而学术界对此还少有关注。基于这一背景，首先通过问卷调查收集案例城市西安的中小学上下学出行O-D等数据。然后借助GIS等方法测度上下学过剩出行和分析其空间分异特征，其关键是模拟出行路径并测算实际和最小出行距离；并对比不同学习阶段上下学过剩出行特征。针对测度结果，分别从出行者家庭和个体属性、教育制度、户籍制度、城市空间结构和社会因素等方面探讨上下学过剩出行的形成机制，并基于此探讨过剩出行的公共政策意义；最后，从过剩出行量化模型出发，揭示其对居住-学校空间关系研究的意义。本项目以期拓展国内外上下学出行和过剩出行的研究内容，并作为居住-学校空间关系研究的新视角。同时，优化上下学出行，降低过剩出行，对于城市节能、减排、环保和治堵等都具有一定的现实意义。

过剩出行研究由关注工作出行的过剩通勤逐渐引入到非工作出行的过剩出行。受学区限制和不受学区限制（幼儿园和民办学校）的上下学出行是否存在过剩通勤（过剩出行）意义上的“过剩”现象。国内外学者对此还少有关注，或持怀疑态度。本项目基于6000余份幼儿入园和初中学生上下学调查问卷，运用GIS和统计分析方法，研究了上下学过剩出行测度和形成机制，以及下学过剩出行对居住与学校空间关系研究的意义。发现：（1）没有学区限制的幼儿入园存在大量的过剩出行（76.9%，长春）。选择幼儿园时对优质幼儿园的偏好，单位附属幼儿园较好的办园质量及其排他性，以及私家车的普及，是幼儿入园过剩出行产生的实际原因，而其根本原因在于财政性学前教育经费不足及不均衡分配，以及家长“望子成龙、望女成凤”和“不让孩子输在起跑线”的育儿观念。（2）无论是受学区限制的公办初中还是不受学区限制的民办初中，学生上下学都存在大量的过剩出行（分别达54.5%和64.4%，西安）。办学性质、学区划分和土地利用，以及是否为房地产开发驱动的学校，是影响初中学生上下学过剩出行形成的主要因素。然而，办学质量对初中学生上下学过剩出行影响并没有显著差异，主要是因为距离学校远的学生家庭会通过在学校附近租房或购房来消除或减少过剩出行。（3）就近入学情况下上下学出行距离体现了居住与学校空间分布上的匹配性，而上下学过剩出行则体现了居住与学校实际的匹配程度。在就近入学假设下，长春市幼儿入园和西安市初中学生上下学出行距离均较小，说明上述城市居住与对应学段的教育资源在空间上较好的匹配。但实际上却存在大量过剩出行，即很大程度上存在空间不匹配。这种空间不匹配是过剩出行产生的直接原因。上下学过剩出行（比率）可以作为居住与教育资源（学校）实际匹配程度的一种度量。.本项目研究将过剩通勤的研究框架引入到上下学出行研究中，拓展了上下学出行和过剩出行的研究内容，同时丰富了居住与教育资源（学校）空间关系的研究视角。