雪菊品质形成与生态因子的关系研究

Coreopsis tinctoria is mainly distributed in the high altitude of the Hotan region in Xinjiang Kunlun mountains, having abundant wildlife resources. For a long time, the Coreopsis tinctoria has been ragarded as a kind of tea by local residents and a kind of medicine by Uighurs' doctors. The medical values of Coreopsis Tinctoria are heat-clearing and detoxifying, activating blood circulation and dissolving blood stasis, tonifying spleen and normalizing stomach, also can be used to prevent and treat the high blood pressure, reduce blood sugar and so on. For the current situation in Xinjiang, no matter plains or mountains ofen regardless of climate, soil suitability are blindly planting Coreopsis tinctoria, causing Coreopsis tinctoria quality very different, can not be of good quality and inexpensive. The study based on the Coreopsis tinctoria cultivation technology by analysis of the sensory quality of Coreopsis tinctoria, nutrients, biochemical composition, aroma components, to determine the Coreopsis tinctoria quality characteristics in different habitats; analysis from different areas of the mountainous, plain meteorological factors, determine the different origin of the meteorological conditions of the impact on Coreopsis tinctoria quality; examines the soil and evaluates the soil suitability in different production areas, the establishment of the combined effects of soil physical and chemical factors on the quality of the Coreopsis tinctoria linear analog equation. According to the study on relationships between quality formation and ecological factors , To grasp the the effects of ecological factors on quality of Coreopsis Tinctoria,to establish the theoretical foundation for scientific planning and rational development and utilization. To grasp the impact of ecological factors on the quality of the snow daisy, to provide a theoretical basis for Coreopsis tinctoria,s scientific planning and rational development and utilization. Key words: Coreopsis tinctoria; Quality; Ecological factors

雪菊在新疆主要分布于和田地区高海拔的昆仑山区，有着较为丰富的野生资源。长期以来，雪菊被当地居民当花茶饮用，新疆维医也将其作为一种维药材进行应用，具有清热解毒、活血化瘀、和胃健脾之功效，用于防治高血压、降低血糖等。针对目前在新疆无论平原、山区，不管气候、土壤是否合适均盲目种植雪菊，造成雪菊品质差别很大、不能优质优价的现状，本项研究在掌握雪菊栽培技术的基础上，通过对雪菊的感官品质、营养元素、生化成分、香气成分等方面的分析，确定不同产地雪菊的品质特征；分析山区、平原地区不同产地的气象因子，确定雪菊产地的气象条件对雪菊品质的影响；对雪菊不同产区的土壤进行分析化验，并进行土壤适种性综合评价，建立土壤各理化因子对雪菊品质综合影响的线性模拟方程。通过对雪菊品质形成与生态因子的关系进行研究，把握各生态因子对雪菊品质的影响，以期为雪菊的科学规划及合理开发利用提供理论依据。

雪菊又名昆仑雪菊、天山雪菊等，为菊科金鸡菊属一年生草本植物，其头状花序冲泡后汤色呈琥珀红色，其味既有菊花茶的香气，又兼具优质红茶的味道。雪菊总黄酮含量高达10%以上，明显高于总黄酮含量较高的杭白菊。黄酮类化合物为雪菊的主要药理活性成分，可以阻止细胞的退化、衰老及癌变的发生。通过对雪菊品质形成与生态因子的关系进行研究，可以为雪菊的科学规划及合理开发利用提供理论依据。. 主要研究内容为雪菊的组织培养研究，不同产地对雪菊品质的影响，雪菊不同开放程度对其品质的影响，磷肥、氮肥施用量对雪菊品质的影响，种植密度、摘心次数及采摘时间对雪菊产量和品质的影响，雪菊繁育系统特性研究及染色体核型分析等。. 雪菊的组织培养研究分别以带芽茎段、茎尖、叶片为外植体，以MS为基本培养基并添加不同浓度 6-BA和NAA，筛选出了带芽茎段作为外植体以及各阶段的最佳培养基配比和试管苗移栽的理想基质。不同产地的雪菊以海拔2200m的克里阳雪菊的总黄酮、总糖、绿原酸、镁、铁以及挥发油的主要成分含量最高，品质最好。不同开放程度的雪菊总黄酮、总糖、茶多酚含量在胎菊期最高，全菊期最低；绿原酸、总氨基酸、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量也是花蕾期最高，全菊期最低。在雪菊的栽培生产中，综合比较磷肥、氮肥施用量对雪菊产量和品质的影响，磷肥施用适宜量为P２O5 0.2-0.3g/kg土，氮肥用量N 0.2-0.3g/kg土为宜。雪菊栽培以行距60cm，株距25cm，开花期间每天都进行采收的产量最高；干花总产量为53.52kg/667m2，总黄酮含量为13.51%，绿原酸含量为0.55%，总氨基酸含量为 10.78%，茶多酚含量为10.27%，总糖含量为14.85%。雪菊的繁育系统属于混合交配系统，主要传粉昆虫为食蚜蝇科的昆虫和意蜂。雪菊属于二倍体植物，2n=24，核型属于 2 A 型。. 在雪菊的栽培生产中，高海拔的冷凉条件有利于雪菊有效成分的形成；合理密植、开花期间每天都进行采收的产量最高；花蕾期和胎菊期为最佳采收时期；增加有机肥的施用量，减少氮肥的施用量能够提高雪菊黄酮类化合物的含量。