废弃物作为堆肥添加剂对林业剩余物双阶段堆肥控制机理的研究

Using the composting to dispose of forestry residues and developing the compost products into peat alternatives are the study hotspots in realizing forestry residues harmlessness, reduction, and resources in China. Traditional composting always produce immature compost product and its composting period is rather long as well, and thus its long term development is restricted. The embryonic form of dual-stage composing of forestry residues is established in our previous study, which have the advantages of short composting period and low economic cost; however, the control mechanisms of its composting pattern and control parameters have not been studied. In this project, the advanced analysis methods of atomic force microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing are applied. First, the control mechanisms of different control parameters on substance changes, microbial diversities, humification degree, and lignocellulose degradation during the dual-stage composting of forestry residues are investigated. Besides, basing on the above study results, some recyclable wastes are chosen as the composting additives and the effects of these wastes on the dual-stage composting process are also studied. Finally, the feasibility of the compost product as peat alternative to cultivate plants is tested and verified. By the above-mentioned studies, we try to clarify the key control mechanisms, form the applied fundamental theory of dual-stage composting, and establish the innovative dual-stage composting technology system, in order to provide theoretical and technical guidance for developing the high efficiency, low cost, and large-scale forestry residues conversion technology.

采用堆肥处理林业剩余物并将其产品作为泥炭替代基质是我国实现林业剩余物无害化、减量化、资源化的研究热点。传统堆肥周期长、产品腐熟度和质量低，制约其长远发展。本项目在前期研究中已建立林业剩余物双阶段创新堆肥雏形，具有周期短和成本低等特点，但其堆肥模式和控制参数的调控机制尚未研究。本项目拟采用原子力显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱、紫外光谱、荧光光谱以及16S rRNA基因测序等先进分析技术，首先探讨不同控制参数对双阶段堆肥中物质变化、微生物多样性、腐殖化程度以及木质纤维素降解的调控机制；在此基础上，选择可循环利用的废弃物作为堆肥添加剂，揭示其对已规范化的双阶段创新堆肥过程的控制机理；最终，实例验证双阶段堆肥产品栽培花卉的效果。通过上述研究，阐明各个关键控制机理，形成双阶段创新堆肥应用基础理论，共建双阶段创新堆肥技术体系，为我国研发高效、低成本、大规模林业剩余物的转化技术提供理论与技术指导。

林业剩余物有机质丰富，具有可再生性、再生周期短、可生物降解、环境友好等优点，是我国重要的生物质能源。采用堆肥处理林业剩余物并将其产品作为泥炭替代基质是我国实现林业剩余物无害化、减量化、资源化的研究热点。但是，传统堆肥周期长、产品腐熟度和质量低，制约其长远发展。本项目研究首先以林业剩余物为研究对象，将传统露天堆肥模式改革创新为双阶段堆肥模式，探索堆肥过程中颗粒物理微形态、水溶性有机物官能团、腐殖质形成以及微生物多样性等指标，揭示了林业剩余物初始颗粒粒径和菌剂用量对双阶段堆肥的调控机制，形成了完善的双阶段堆肥应用基础理论及其技术流程。其中，确定初始颗粒粒径15mm和菌剂用量5ml/kg为最优处理，堆肥周期由90~270天缩短至24天，高温阶段由一次升至两次且持续时间延长。其次，以堆肥添加剂为研究对象，基于废弃物综合开发利用的理念，选择可循环利用的废弃物作为堆肥添加剂并探究其对林业剩余物双阶段堆肥的控制机理，形成了堆肥添加剂应用于双阶段堆肥的基础理论，共建了高效的双阶段堆肥创新技术体系。其中，筛选出7种效果较优的堆肥添加剂，分别为20%牛粪+45%咖啡废渣、35%豆粕+25%蟹壳粉、8.5%麦饭石+45%青贮饲料、25%甜菜粕+10%废弃纸屑、2.5%石灰+20%草药废渣、15%炉渣+55%醋糟、10%鸡蛋壳+25%米糠（质量百分比），堆肥周期为20~23天，堆肥产品氮磷钾含量分别为3.78~4.98%、0.69~1.94%、0.63~1.77%。最后，以双阶段堆肥产品为研究对象，检验了其替代泥炭栽培花卉的效果，实现了双阶段堆肥产品替代大部分甚至全部泥炭进行花卉栽培的目的，这是理论研究最终要服务生产的体现。上述理论和技术形成的突破，加强了林业剩余物在堆肥和无土栽培领域的广泛资源化利用，为我国研究“高效、低成本、资源再利用型的林业剩余物堆肥应用基础理论及其创新技术”提供了理论与技术指导。