基于景观水文理论的我国城市雨洪管理型绿地景观设计方法研究

Waterlogging problems caused by stormwater has emerged as the top urgent threat for many Chinese cities and towns. Many facts show that the engineering-oriented means could hardly respond to the complex urban situations and solve waterlogging problems. It is widely recognized that city green spaces, as alternative ways, could play the role of storm water management to mitigate waterlogging problem and promote infiltration, if combined with present drainage and stream networks. But for Chinese cites, there are many deficiencies concerning stormwater issues, such as the weak integration between stormwater management technique and regional landscape features and the insufficient researches and practices for real implementation in various green space. Landscape Hydrology, as a cross-disciplinary field of hydrology, hydraulic engineering, environmental science and landscape architecture, advocates the combination of the hydrological studies, including water cycle, run-off, catchment, infiltration and discharge analyses, with the spatial, function, form design and historical context and spirit of landscape and the site. The objective of Landscape Hydrology idea is to make green spaces and landscape with both functional and visual quality and values. Base on historical and basic theoritical researches, this project would choose some sample cities and sites and take their climate/rainfall characteristics as boundary condition. The key parts are series of studies composed of 3 modules: (1)hydrology module, mainly concerns the Dualistic Water Cycle from middle and micro scales and the simulation of site stormwater process; (2)landscape module, focusing on the identification of factors controlling stormwater in city green landscape; (3)the design module, studying the element-space combination and construction-maintenance in green landscape for stormwater management. Based on these work, this project tries to study the types, characters, situation for construction of green space available for stormwater management, and also study the design language, space, function, form, materials, details and design standard for green space of China associated with stormwater management. Some tests and quantitative analysis would be made and combined with landscape design practices, and the final products of this project is to provide material-performance database and landscape design guideline for city green space for stormwater management with regional and distinctive characteristics.

雨洪内涝已成为我国不少城镇面临的严重问题。事实证明单一的工程手段不足以全面有效应对复杂的城市内涝问题。与城市绿地景观建设相结合进行雨洪管理是实现"管网+水网+绿网"耦合生态排水理念的有效途径。但我国目前城市雨洪管理研究总体普适性成果较多，地域性及实施性较弱，与城市绿地景观建设的有效结合还不够。景观水文作为水科学与景观设计专业的交叉领域，强调把水循环、产-汇流及入渗、排水等分析与场地景观功能、空间、形式设计相结合，使雨洪管理型绿地兼具功能性与观赏性景观价值。本课题基于历史和基础理论研究，选取若干案例城市，以其气候/降水特点为边界条件，重点从水文模块、景观模块、设计模块、实施模块入手，完成城市绿地中小尺度二元水循环分析与场地雨洪过程模拟、绿地景观雨洪调控因子识别与机理分析、雨洪管理型绿地景观"要素-空间"设计组合研究及"营建-维护"等研究内容，最终提出雨洪管理型绿地素材-功效库及景观设计导则。

本项目针对我国城镇普遍面临的雨洪内涝问题，通过收集部分海绵城市试点及其他城市的项目资料与数据，结合海绵城市绿地规划与景观设计的标准与要求，构建了“基于景观水文理论的城市雨洪管理型绿地景观设计与建设实施的理论、方法与技术框架”。..（1）系统研究了中国古代从秦汉到明清的重要城市园林水利案例，涵盖防洪、排水、供水、水质、灌溉等方面。这些中国古代园林水利功能与技术的传统智慧对当代海绵城市和相关实践很有启发。..（2）分析了雨洪管理与景观设计流程的关联性，对中小尺度自然-人工二元水循环耦合关系与雨洪管理景观影响因子进行了初步识别。基于此，界定了基于景观水文理论的城市雨洪管理的“过程-格局-功能”工作层次和“水文-景观-设计-实施”的四模块工作框架。..（3）结合国内部分海绵城市试点和其他城市的不同类型场地项目实践，对上述理论、方法与技术框架予以检验。具体分析了不同类型城市绿地对雨洪管理功能的适宜度，研究具有雨洪管理功能的绿地的结构、形态等，提出整合灰绿基础设施的设计策略，并对屋顶绿地的雨洪管理等一些特殊问题展开研究。..（4）对景观设计与雨洪管理的交互合作平台进行了初步研发，包括对水文模型和设计过程的解耦、数据的标准化与简化、使用程序与合作平台的构建、雨洪管理设施的内置等，以为设计师提供兼具水文分析和景观设计推敲功能的参数化平台和辅助设计工具，也有可能为大众用户提供一种界面友好的公共参与式情景规划工具。..（5）在多个项目中研究了雨洪管理型景观的环境-经济-社会绩效。实证研究案例包括：1）清华胜因院建成后评估，具体通过雨洪管理监测技术对绿色基础设施的雨水滞留和净化效果及各类人群使用活动和满意度的观测和评价；2）清华建筑馆庭院的生物滞留设施技术研发，对土壤、植物、介质等要素在城市雨洪管理中的调控效能研究。上述实证研究的目标是为国内海绵城市的类似雨洪管理型绿地景观项目的绩效提供验证和参考。