汶川地震家园重建和黑色旅游发展背景下居民地方感变化过程与影响机制研究

The relationship between large-scale environmental changes and people’s sense of place towards it is an emerging and hotspot in the study of place and disaster. In the field of human geography, there is insufficient research on the change of human-place emotional relationship post-disaster and the social and cultural geographic effects brought by Wenchuan earthquake. Focusing on the weakness of the diachronic,predictors and mechanisms of residents' sense of place post-disaster, this project takes Renjiaping Village in Beichuan and Yingxiu Town in Wenchuan as examples, using methods of grounded theory based coding analysis, to explore the process and characteristics of local residents’ sense of place in a long period from before the quake to now in the rapidly physical and social changing environment, and based on that, develop the measurement scale which could measure both the positive and negative characteristics of sense of place. Meanwhile, it reveals multiple predictors of sense of place from perspectives of locals’place based experiences, memories and perceptions, which includ nostalgic memory, traumatic memory and perception of the rebuild human settlements environment, post-disaser policy, social capital, cultural captical and dark tourism, and evaluates the affecting efforts of these predicts on residents’ sense of place by the method of structural equating modelling. It further analysis the key predictors, and construct the mechanism model of sense of place in post-disaster restoration and dark tourism development period. The above series of studies make up for the deficiencies in place research, and expand the perspective of disaster research in the field of human geography, as well as, promote the deep intersection of place and disaster research. The results are helpful for improving residents'sense of place, and practically significant in guiding local’s further sustainable development.

地方感和大规模环境变化之间的关系是地方与灾难研究的新热点。针对人文地理领域对汶川地震带来的人-地关系调整、情感纽带变化、社会文化地理影响研究不足，围绕灾后家园重建、黑色旅游发展背景下居民地方感的历时性、影响因素、途径机制的研究薄弱与科学问题，以北川任家坪村、汶川映秀镇为案例地，运用扎根编码分析、量表开发测量、结构方程模型等方法，融入灾难前后较长时间，探讨物质环境与社会因素系列骤变下，地方感的变化过程、阶段特征，开发正负双向的地方感量表，立足居民地方经历、记忆、感知，发掘地方感影响因素，测定怀旧记忆、创伤记忆、重建人居环境感知、政策感知、社会资本、文化资本、黑色旅游感知等对地方感的作用途径与效应；构建地方感影响机制模型。研究弥补地方研究的相关不足，拓展人文地理领域的灾难研究视角，推动地方与灾难研究的深度交叉。基于居民地方感提升的对策对于指导灾区可持续发展具有重要现实意义。

地方感和大规模环境变化之间的关系是地方与灾难研究的新热点。针对人文地理领域对汶川地震带来的人-地关系调整、情感纽带变化、社会文化地理影响研究不足，围绕灾后家园重建、黑色旅游发展背景下居民地方感的历时性、影响因素、途径机制的研究薄弱与科学问题，本研究以汶川地震重灾区、灾后重建与旅游发展的典型村镇，北川老县城任家坪村、汶川映秀镇、彭州白鹿镇为例，进行灾后中期（6-7年）、长期（14年）两阶段调研，运用扎根编码分析、量表开发测量、结构方程模型等方法，融入灾难前后较长时间，探讨物质环境与社会因素系列骤变下，地方感的变化过程与阶段特征，立足居民地方经历、记忆、感知，发掘地方感影响因素，构建地方感影响机制模型。. 研究发现灾后中期、长期居民地方感（地方依靠、地方认同、地方满意）呈现积极特征，表明居民对于灾后重建的村镇具有较高满意，已适应地方重建变化，建立起依靠感、认同感与归属感。灾前视角下，居民对于地震前美好家园的怀旧记忆仍然存在，成为应对灾难与恢复地方感的积极影响因素。灾时视角下，居民的地震记忆、创伤情感尽管存在，并未削弱地方感；灾时的抗灾记忆、灾难启示正向促进地方感。灾后物理环境重建，居民对人居环境（城镇发展、居住条件）具有高度评价，对灾难遗址保护、旅游发展评价较高，且人居环境、灾后旅游发展正向显著影响地方感。灾后社会环境恢复，居民对于粘合型和桥接型社会资本感知较高，对于连接型社会资本感知稍低，且社会资本正向显著影响地方感；居民对于文化资本（灾难知识、抗灾精神、灾难景观）感知较高，且文化资本正向促进地方感；居民对于旅游经济感知较高，对于家庭经济收入感知稍低，经济资本正向显著影响地方感。. 理论上，本研究弥补地方感历史性、影响因素研究的不足，对于推动地方与灾难研究的深度交叉具有重要理论意义。实践上，基于居民地方感影响因素的对策建议，对于指导灾区可持续发展具有重要现实意义。