战略性稀土资源开发的环境补偿政策模拟与实证：基于动态CGE模型的研究

Rare earths are important strategic resources. How to support the social and economic growth and reduce the negative environmental impacts simultaneously is an important issue for the rare earths development. This project first uses CVM micro-survey to systematically evaluate the environmental cost of rare earths development, analyzes the environmental compensation policy demand for rare earths development from the theoretical and practical point of view, and furthermore, designs the policy options for environmental compensation. Second, the dynamic CGE model of natural-social binary link is constructed to simulate and evaluate the effects on natural environmental compensation and social economic cost of different policy schemes. Finally, according to the feasibility study results, the environmental compensation policy suggestions of rare earths development are put forward. This project focuses on solving three key scientific issues to achieve the theoretical and methodological innovation: ① assessing the environmental costs of rare earths development under the different resource types and technical conditions systematically and completely; ② putting forward a three-leveled policy framework of “type + tool + intensity” according to the policy demand, and realizing a collaborative simulation and evaluation of mixed policy options under different types, tools and intensities combination; ③ constructing a dynamic CGE model of natural-social binary link to achieve the dual-impact assessment on natural and social environment and forward-looking policy research. The results can help to develop theories and methods of resources and environmental economics and public policy, and meanwhile, can play an important instructional role in rare earths development and ecological civilization construction.

稀土是重要的战略性资源，如何在支撑社会经济发展的同时减少环境负面影响是稀土资源开发面临的重要课题。本项目采用CVM微观调查，系统评估稀土资源开发的环境成本，并从理论和实践角度分析稀土资源开发的环境补偿政策需求，设计政策方案；通过构建自然-社会二元链接的动态CGE模型，模拟评价不同政策方案的自然环境补偿效果和社会经济成本，结合可行性研究结果，提出稀土资源开发的环境补偿政策建议。本研究重点解决三个关键科学问题，实现理论与方法创新：①系统、完整评估不同资源类型和技术条件下稀土资源开发的环境成本；②基于政策需求，提出“类型+工具+强度”三维政策分析框架，并实现不同类型、工具与强度组合下混合政策的协同模拟与评价；③构建自然-社会二元链接的动态CGE模型，实现自然-社会的双重影响评价和前瞻性的政策研究。本研究成果将对资源环境经济与公共政策理论和方法研究贡献力量，对稀土资源开发和生态文明建设起指导作用。

稀土是重要的战略性资源，如何在支撑社会经济发展的同时减少环境负面影响是稀土资源开发面临的重要课题。本研究采用CVM微观调查，以内蒙古包头市和江西赣州市为例，系统评估轻、重稀土资源开发的环境成本，分别为4.45亿元/年和20.14亿元/年（以2019年价格计）；在分析稀土资源开发的环境政策现状基础上，提出包括提高命令控制型政策工具法律地位、增加经济激励型政策工具使用频次和建立多元主体的补偿体系等三类政策需求，并据此设计以税费调节和财政支出为核心的稀土资源开发环境补偿政策方案；在此基础上，构建自然环境—社会经济二元链接的动态CGE模型，编制包含轻、重稀土产业部门的社会核算矩阵，设置三大类共计15小类的政策模拟情境；通过模拟，基于社会经济效应、环境影响效应和资源保障效应三个角度的结果比较，针对轻、重稀土产业部门提出了不同污染物的环境税和财政转移支付政策的最优方案。根据最优方案，本研究提出四方面政策建议：针对不同稀土矿区设置特定环境税税率，提高重污染矿区的环境税税率；充分利用好经济激励型政策工具，鼓励稀土企业开展清洁生产技术研发；加大废弃稀土矿山环境治理项目的资金补助力度，加强环境补偿财政监管；综合发挥经济激励型政策工具的优势，完善稀土资源开发的环境补偿政策框架。本研究成果对我国优势战略性矿产资源可持续开发机理和模型研究贡献力量，对稀土等优势战略性矿产资源开发和生态文明建设提供科学、可行的政策方案。