重庆四面山食药用菌资源及褐孔菌属系统发育研究

Edible fungi industry plays an important role in resource recycling, targeted poverty alleviation and agricultural structural adjustment. Due to the late development of edible fungi industry in Chongqing, the breeding of strains, identification of new varieties, domestication and cultivation techniques are lagging behind, which seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of the industry. Therefore, it is urgent to develop excellent strains to promote the benign development of the industry. However, wild resources are an important source for the breeding of edible and medicinal fungi. At present, there is plenty of room for research due to the investigation of edible and medicinal fungi resources in Chongqing is not comprehensive enough. In this study, morphological and molecular systematics methods were used to systematically investigate, collect and classify the edible and medicinal fungi resources in Simian Mountain, Chongqing. The purpose is to clarify the species of edible and medicinal fungi, to inject fresh vitality into the renewal of industrial cultivars, and to provide scientific basis for the protection, domestication， development and utilization of wild edible and medicinal fungi resources; Many kinds of Fuscoporia have immune-boosting, tumor-suppressing, hypoglycemic and other pharmacological effects, and are a kind of medicinal fungi with broad development prospects. Phylogenetic studies were carried out in order to explore the relationships between species, to verify the possible new taxa, and to improve the classification system of Fuscoporia, so as to provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of drug active ingredient.

食用菌产业在资源循环利用、精准扶贫和农业结构调整方面发挥着重要作用。由于重庆食用菌产业发展较晚，在菌种选育、新品种认定、驯化和栽培技术等方面都较滞后，严重制约了产业健康可持续发展。因此，促进产业良性发展的优良菌种亟待开发，而野生资源是食药用菌品种选育的重要来源。目前，对重庆市食药用菌资源调查还不够全面，研究利用空间很大。本研究拟采用形态学和分子系统学相结合的方法对重庆四面山食药用菌资源进行系统调查、收集和分类鉴定，旨在弄清资源种类，为产业栽培品种的更新换代注入新鲜活力，为野生食药用菌资源保护、驯化栽培和开发利用提供科学依据；褐孔菌属（Fuscoporia）属内多种具有提高免疫力、抑制肿瘤、降血糖等药理作用，是一类具有广阔开发前景的药用真菌，项目对其系统发育进行研究，旨在探讨属内种间的亲缘关系，并对可能存在的新的分类单元进行验证，完善该属的分类系统，为药物活性成分的开发利用提供理论依据。

食用菌产业在资源循环利用、精准扶贫和农业结构调整方面发挥着重要作用。由于重庆食用菌产业发展较晚，在菌种选育、新品种认定、驯化和栽培技术等方面都较滞后，严重制约了产业健康可持续发展。因此，促进产业良性发展的优良菌种亟待开发，而野生资源是食药用菌品种选育的重要来源。目前，对重庆市食药用菌资源调查还不够全面，研究利用空间很大。本研究采用形态学和分子系统学相结合的方法对重庆四面山食药用菌资源进行了系统调查、收集和分类鉴定，并对褐孔菌属内各种的系统发育关系进行了研究。项目共采集食药用菌标本840余份，分离、纯化与保藏菌种210株，鉴定标本600余份，鉴定菌株200余株，鉴定种类162个，涵盖89个属、41个科、11个目，5个纲，2个亚门。调查发现食用菌等蘑菇类真菌数量较多，种类有：黑皮鸡枞菌、香菇、粘盖菌、荷叶离褶伞、紫孢侧耳、金针菇、蜜环菌、毛木耳、红色乳菇、皱木耳、红菇、紫丁香蘑、乳牛肝菌、野田头菇、丝状色钉菇、乳酪状红金钱菌、湿粘田头菇等；药用菌种类数量较少如南天竹叶孔菌、中华褐卧孔菌、高山木层孔菌、云芝、树舌灵芝、网纹马勃、血红栓孔菌、辐毛小鬼伞、白囊耙齿菌、烟管菌、红汁小菇、墨汁鬼伞、裂褶菌等；有毒蘑菇数量也较多，如角鱗（灰）白鵝膏、肉褐鳞环柄菇、大青褶伞、条盖盔孢菌、多纹裸伞和独生黄韧伞等。并发现濒危物种乳酪状红金钱菌和特有种丝状色钉菇各一种。基本弄清了四面山的主要大型真菌资源种类，将为食用菌产业栽培品种的更新换代注入新鲜活力，为野生食药用菌资源保护、驯化栽培和开发利用提供科学依据；研究采用ITS、nLSU、rpb2、tef1-α多基因序列分析的方法构建了药用大型真菌褐孔菌属Fuscoporia 42个种的系统发育树，明确了各种间的亲缘关系；同时发现褐孔菌属新种（Fuscoporia ambigua）一个，并比较了该种与F. ferruginosa 和 F. karsteniana两个主要种的形态特征，制定了全球范围内该属49个种的分类检索表，完善了该属的分类系统，为褐孔菌属种类鉴定、药用成分的开发和利用提供了理论依据。