锈革孔菌科叶孔菌属等三属的分类和系统发育研究

Poroid group in Hymenochaetaceae is one of the hot topics in the studies of wood-decaying fungi. Recent studies on the molecular phylogeny of this group split the species originally belonging to two genera into several more natural genera. Of the genera, Phylloporia, Fulvifomes and Inonotus are characterized by thick-walled and colored basidiospores, and include some important pathogenic and medicinal species. Previous phylogenetic studies on the three genera were partial and limited because of the use of less sampling taxa and loci. In addition, many Chinese specimens were previously identified to species level mainly based on morphology with the references of European and North American species concepts, but rarely on the comparison of their molecular data. However, regarding to the geographic differences between China as well as Europe and North America, this method might incorrectly identify the Chinese endemic species as Chinese new records. To resolve the above issues, this project will carry out a series of field trips on wood-decaying fungi of the three genera in various ecological regions and forest types in southwest and southeast China, classify the current specimens collected mainly in northeast and northwest China and deposited in the herbarium of the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IFP), and ask loans of type and authentic specimens from other Chinese and foreign herbaria. These specimens will be studied by the combined methods of classical taxonomy, ecology and multi-loci phylogeny. All in all, after performing this project, the following targets will be finished: 1) describe and publish some new taxonomic units related to the three genera, 2) resolve the phylogenetic relationships among and of the three genera, 3) find out the stable morphological characters delimiting each of the three genera, and 4) affirm the diversity and distribution of the three genera in China.

锈革孔菌科孔状类群是木材腐朽真菌研究的热点类群之一，最近的分子系统学研究将原先隶属于两个属的种类拆分到多个更为自然的属内。其中，叶孔菌属、黄层孔菌属和纤孔菌属是孢子厚壁、有色且具有重要经济价值的三个属，包括许多重要的森林病原菌和药用菌。之前这三个属的系统学研究中，由于选取标本较少且使用基因单一，带有很大的局限性。此外，中国标本的鉴定通常以欧洲和北美洲种类的形态证据为基础，很少比较它们之间的分子数据，这可能会误将中国特有种鉴定成新记录种。因此，本项目拟对我国之前研究较少的西南和东南地区的叶孔菌属等三属进行资源调查和标本采集，整理馆藏的东北和西北地区的三属标本，借阅国内外其他标本馆的三属标本；对上述标本进行经典形态学、生态学和多基因分子系统学研究。综合以上结果，发现叶孔菌属等三属相关的新分类单元，搞清属间和属内的系统发育关系，明确三属各自稳定的形态学分类依据，确定三属在中国的资源和分布情况。

叶孔菌属、黄层孔菌属和纤孔菌属隶属于担子菌门、伞菌纲、锈革孔菌目、锈革孔菌科，是具有重要经济价值的木材腐朽真菌，包括了一些重要的药用菌和森林病原菌。这三个属的形态特征接近，不易区分，给进一步的应用造成困难。因此，本项目通过在我国全境主要的自然保护区和森林公园，以及芬兰、捷克、美国和泰国的保护区进行资源调查，并借阅国内外主要标本馆保藏的标本，广泛收集到叶孔菌属等三属在全球范围的相关研究材料。对这些材料进行了深入细致的形态学和多基因分子系统学研究，明确了叶孔菌属等三属各自的形态学界限及主要分布区域，发表新属3个、新种30个、新组合种20个；给出了叶孔菌属全部30个种的分种检索表，为后续对该属的研究提供了巨大便利；重新定义了黄层孔菌属，指出该属部分种类需转移到伏黄层孔菌属和热带孔菌属中；将重要的药用真菌桑黄类群从纤孔菌属组合到两个新属，即桑黄孔菌属和热带孔菌属，并给出了相关的分属和分种检索表，为更好的利用这类药用真菌提供了分类学依据。同时，本项目分离得到的相关菌株是更好的利用这类真菌资源的材料基础。本项目研究可为锈革孔菌科中其他属的研究提供重要参考。