英石叠山匠作体系及其技艺传承研究

Ying Stone, as the one of four famous stones in China, has been used in Chinese traditional garden and rockery-making stones for thousands of years, which is also known as "Yingde Stone" for abundant in Yingde of Guangdong province.Since the Song Dynasty until now, Yingde is still the main origin of Ying stone materials and craftsmen. This research aims to track craftsmanship system and craftsmen of Ying Stone in Yingde of Guangdong province who are still active in garden construction and landscape architecture in China and overseas, and systematically sorts out the craftsmen list and local inheritance pedigree of Ying stone rockery making through oral history. The research comprehensively investigates and record the characteristics and construction principles of Ying stone rockery making based on the material characteristics of Ying stone through the field work method, for example participation observation. Based on the experience of craftsmanship, the research summarizes the unique technical characteristics and construction principles which are different from other stones, the core technical experience of Ying stone rockery making, and dynamically track the contemporary technological development. Meanwhile, the research attempts to combine the non-quantitative evaluation method with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to establish a set of characteristic evaluation system of Ying stone rockery making based on the craftsmanship experience,aesthetics with technical experience, subjective and objective. The research attempts to explore the ideas and working methods which combine aesthetics and technical, qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for the craftsmanship characteristics evaluation of Chinese traditional rockery making.

中国四大名石之一英石因盛产于广东英德，又称“英德石”，作为中国园林景石与叠山石材已有上千年的应用历史。自宋朝至今，广东英德一直是英石石材与叠山工匠的主要来源地。本课题对目前仍活跃在中国及海外园林叠山领域的广东英德英石叠山匠作体系及叠山技艺进行追踪研究，通过口述历史方法收集整理英石叠山技艺匠师名录与传承谱系；通过参与式观察的田野工作方法，基于英石自身的材料特性，对英石叠山技艺做全面调查与记录，从匠作经验出发梳理与总结英石叠山技艺区别于其他叠山石材独特的技艺特征与营造原则，总结其核心技术问题，并动态追踪传统叠山技艺在当代的技术发展。在此基础上，本研究尝试将非定量的叠山技艺特征问题结合层次分析法（AHP）定量分析方法，建立一套基于匠作经验、结合审美意匠与技术、主客观相结合的技艺特征评价体系，为中国传统叠山技艺特征评价探寻“技”与“艺”融会贯通、定性与定量分析相结合的研究思路和工作方法。

中国四大名石之一英石，因盛产于广东英德，作为中国园林景石与叠山石材已有上千年的应用历史。本研究通过实地调研与口述访谈，整理广东英德英石叠山匠作传承谱系，整理自清末以来的匠师名录与代表性作品，整理完成20世纪80年代以来代表性的英德假山工匠与行业代表人物口述实录；梳理总结广东英德园林山石造景行业发展历程及园林山石造景匠作技艺的发展阶段特征；基于一线工匠口述总结英石叠山技艺经验。.与江南及北方园林历史悠久的假山营造传统及假山名匠相比，广东英德英石假山匠作群体是中国近现代之后特别是建国以来，随着中国对外贸易需求与园林行业市场发展而新兴的假山工匠群体，这个群体的形成与壮大是中国园林山石造景匠作技艺与园林行业在近现代发展的时代缩影。本研究试追溯岭南假山匠作技艺与中国假山营造传统的关系问题，同时还追踪关注英石假山技艺随近现代新技术材料引入而发展出的塑石假山新技艺。由于岭南地域关于园林匠作技艺的历史文献与记载极为有限，及时追踪与记录岭南当下匠作技艺发展与变化显得更为重要，这项工作仍将在未来持续追踪。.本研究还希望由此探讨不同地域与不同营建主体的技艺评价标准问题。中国传统假山营造技艺一直多以江南文人为主体的画意审美为至高标准。但在现代工程与园林市场背景下，大部分英德假山工匠从事的工程多以房地产楼盘、私人别墅住宅等中小型山水景营建为主，日常生活应用需求及审美相较于中国传统文人造园审美确有差异。如何评价基于民间日常生活语境下的现代假山工程技艺，不同营建主体的假山技艺评价是否有分层次等级的标准，这也涉及对一线普通工匠的技艺等级评定标准与工匠素质培养等问题,而这些都关系到中国传统假山技艺审美理念与匠作传统在一线普通工匠营造中的传承发展问题。另外，通过本研究搭建与一线工匠的产学研合作平台，工匠直接参与高校教学环节与改革，参与公众教育活动，推动岭南园林营造技艺在高校及社会公众的非遗传承。