应用视野下的晚明以来江南园林叠山历史发展与技艺传承研究

In the contemporary practice of landscape architecture with traditional Chinese style which is becoming increasingly prosperous, there is a serious problem on the using of traditional techniques and crafts of rockery making, with the important reason that the history and theory study is greatly insufficient. In this research project, the rockery making in Jiangnan gardens since the Late Ming, which has been most influential till today, is to be carefully studied with the following aspects: 1) the historical development of the aesthetic ideas and formal styles, as well as their varieties in different areas; 2) techniques and crafts of rockery making among different regional craftsman groups, as well as their historical inheritance and change; 3) evaluation and applying method of the traditional rockery making techniques and crafts in the contemporary practice within new social and technology contexts. This research is to establish the solid foundation of history and theory in both aspects of art (aesthetics and style) and technique (craftsmanship and its pedigree), and to connect the contemporary practice with the study of evaluation and applicability. In this way, this research is to provide the theory basis and strategy suggestions for both remaining rockery reparation in garden heritage conservation and new rockery making in contemporary landscape projects, and to help the efficient inheritance of the rockery making tradition and arouse its new vitality today.

传统风格的风景园林营造在当代中国日益频繁，然而叠山的技艺传承缺失成为实践中的突出问题，对于叠山历史理论研究方面的不足是其重要原因。本研究以对当代最具影响意义的晚明以来江南园林叠山为对象，对其审美观念与形态风格的历史演变及地域多样性发展进行分析考察，并对叠山匠师技艺的流派多样性及其传承演变进行记录整理，在此基础上进行以应用为目标的转化研究，对叠山形态风格建立起评价的方法，并结合现实条件考察传统技艺在当代实践中的适用可能。这一研究不仅为晚明以来江南园林叠山在艺术（审美与风格）与技术（匠师技艺及其谱系）两个方面建立起坚实的历史理论基础，而且直接衔接当下应用，通过评价方法和适用性的研究，为当代江南园林假山遗产保护修复、以及当代中国风景园林建设中的叠山实践，提供营造策略与方法技艺上的借鉴与建议，从而使原本有着丰富特色的叠山传统得到有效传承、并焕发出新的生命力。

传统风格的风景园林营造在当代中国日益频繁，然而叠山的技艺传承缺失成为实践中的突出问题，对于叠山历史理论研究方面的不足是其重要原因。.本研究以对当代最具影响意义的晚明以来江南园林叠山为对象，对其审美观念与形态风格的历史演变及营造多样性进行分析考察，主要关注晚明以来江南造园历史发展中的“画意”及“动势”两种审美观念下的叠山传统及其营造特点，以及造园叠山营造中与其他造园要素的配合关系；与此同时，晚明以来江南园林叠山匠师技艺的传承、叠山传统在当代的评价与应用也成为关注的内容。.研究发现，“画意”是晚明时在江南园林中新确立的重要美学宗旨与营造原则，对叠山发展意义重大，不仅在景物形式效果方面有着重要改变，也在山水游观体验方面呈现出前所未有的重视，叠山呈现空间经营的新意；“动势”叠山是中国园林史上更为久远的假山营造传统，关注山石的动势并从中获得生命感，这在晚明“画意”叠山兴起后受到巨大冲击，但并未完全消失，在清代仍然得到发展，以“九狮山”为显著代表；“亭踞山巅”突出地反映了叠山营造与其他造园要素的密切关系，但在当代常有误解，需要认识到：其作用主要是观景场所而非被观对象，反映的是自然景物与人工营造之间的连续一体、和谐共存、相互作用的密切关系而非人工凌驾于自然之上的矛盾，误解的来源是晚明兴起的“画意”叠山使得形式构图及尺度问题变得突出从而影响至今。此外，对叠山技艺传统的传承、评价与应用问题又引发新的问题思考，形成新的国家自然科学基金课题申请、并已获批。.研究的意义在于，有助于在深入的历史情境中更好地把握晚明以来江南园林叠山复杂而多样的营造特点，从而对遗存历史多样性得到更为合理的理解和评价，进而能够更好地对中国传统园林叠山的遗产保护及传统承续的实践加以指引。