街区空间形态对老年人步行行为的影响机理及导控研究:以上海为例

With the fast growing of Chinese aging population. China is entering into an aging society and cities are facing more and more related challenging problems. How to design and develop older people’s friendly community has become an important topic in the China New-type Urbanization movement. Walking plays a key role in maintaining older people’s mental and physical health, developing a sense of community and improving people’s happiness level. The main goal of this research is to explore the impact of community urban form on older people’s daily walking behavior and subsequently encourage more walking activities for the population. This research will be based on the previous research conducted by the principle investigator to further understand, quantify and compare the physical environment in different communities in Shanghai and explore their impact on the demand of older people’s daily walking behavior. In detail, this research will focus on five different sub fields as 1. the convenience level of travel, 2. the comfortable level of staying, 3. the accessibility to different travel modes, 4. the easiness of road finding and mapping, and 5. the safety of walking; and use sophisticated statistical models to investigate the impact of streetscape on each individual sub field. The ultimately goal of this research is to develop a robust method to successfully evaluate different older population walking friendly neighborhoods and identify key built environment characteristics that are key to develop and design these neighborhoods. This research will build a robust foundation for future detailed urban design and planning guidelines and provide a solid theory and technique support to better design and develop walking friendly urban communities for our growing aging population.

随着人口的老龄化加速，城市老龄化问题日趋突出，发展适老性城市街区正成为我国推进老年宜居环境与新型街区制建设过程中的重要命题。步行对于老年人身体健康以及社区认同感和生活幸福感等方面都具有重要价值，本课题的主要任务是探析街区空间形态对老年人步行行为的作用机理，以支持与鼓励老龄人群步行活动。拟借助已有成果和进一步调研，对上海市生活街区的空间形态展开类型比较与量化研究，聚焦老年人日常步行行为特征与需求层级及主导问题；同时运用有效的数理统计模型，在出行便捷性、逗留舒适性、换乘易达性、寻路可辨性和步行安全性等5个方面探索街区形态变量对老龄人步行活动的影响机制，进而提炼出老年人步行友好街区的关键形态指标与评估方法，制定更为详细的城市设计引导，为推进老年宜居环境建设提供坚实的理论基础和技术支撑。

中国城市正普遍进入快速老龄化社会，关注老年人的街区步行行为对于健康老龄化具有重要意义。课题以上海为案例，剖析老年人步行活动特征、需求重点与主导问题，探寻街区空间形态与步行行为之间的内在规律性。首先，基于步行出行特征与环境满意度调查，发现：老年人日常出行以步行和公交为主，普遍认同步行的健康效益，偏爱便捷、安全与绿色的步行环境；步行目的趋于多元，健身锻炼、逛街购物与社区活动的步行出行比例、频率与时长都明显高于年轻人，自发性与社会性步行出行大幅增加；机动化发展引发的老年人步行安全性、便利性和舒适性问题日趋严重。其次，基于中微观层面的街区与街道形态量化解析与预测模型推导，发现：老年人休闲步行便捷度与宽敞连续的步道空间、易达的公园绿地密切相关，呈现社交诱发与健康诱发效应；购物步行便捷度与混合高效的土地使用、丰富趣味的街道界面和便捷完善的公交服务密切相关，呈现商品诱发、路径诱发与公交诱发效应；影响目前老年人步行安全的主要因素是步道宽度、地面铺地、障碍物、建筑退界和人车隔离等；街区路网组构、街道等级与功能、交叉路口、建筑界面和家具设施是建构认知友好街区的关键要素；老年人换乘易达性与步道路径、街道环境、过街设施与公交服务线路密切相关；绿化景观、健身步道与生活街道是老年人感知步行舒适性的主要场所特征，呈现绿化诱发、健身诱发与社交诱发效应。另外，基于老年人健康状况调查，发现个人体能、关节性能、平衡力、视力水平、认知能力与心脑疾病等都会不同程度地影响步行安全性与舒适性的指标评价。最后借鉴国内外理论与实践，从宜步行街区、共享街道与绿色交通等维度提出包容性设计原则与要点，编制步行友好的街道设计引导，制定街区宜步行的关键评价指标，并探索示范街区的建设实践与成果校核，为推进街区适老化与步行化建设提供理论依据和技术方法。