室内空气中PM2.5及其赋存典型内分泌干扰物的污染与暴露

Rapid industrial and economic development in China has resulted in large migration from rural areas to cities, urban growth, and modernization and a concomitant increase in urban air pollutions. The increasingly serious outdoor airborne fine particles (PM2.5) are transported indoors via ventilation and infiltration. Given the amount of time that people spend indoors, for many urban residents the major fraction of their exposure to "outdoor pollutants" occurs indoors. Organic pollutants released from indoor sources of many synthetic materials rich in plasticizer and flame retardants, which have high concentrations in the indoor environments of China's cities. Bisphenol A (BPA), phthaltic acid esters(PAEs), and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are generally known as environmental endocrine disruptors and are frequently utilized as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial products. In the indoor environment, these environmental endocrine disruptor compound groups are released and accumulate in airborne PM2.5. Therefore, inhalation of airborne PM2.5 has to be considered as important pathways for the assessment of exposure in living habitats. In this study, a critical evaluation of indoor exposure to PM2.5-bound BPA, PAEs, and OPEs will be performed. The concentrations and characteristics of target compounds associated with the indoor airborne PM2.5 will be sites monitored in supermarkets, hospitals, and dwellings in urban area of Shanghai, China. Personal exposure to PM2.5 and PM2.5 associated endocrine disruptor compounds will also be monitored by personal cascade impactor with PM2.5 sampler in the same time. Furthermore, urinary phthalate and organophosphate metabolites will be used as biomarkers of human exposures to PAEs and OPEs. Moreover, the correlations of PM2.5, PM2.5 associated BPA/OPEs/PAEs, the urinary phthalate and organophosphate metabolites with asthma and allergies of the inhabitants will be evaluated. All the results will be contributed to making effective PM2.5 air quality standards in China, and provide useful basic data and theoretical support.

快速的经济发展与城市化进程极大的改变了中国人的生活方式，同时也衍生了日益严重的大气污染问题。室外大气细颗粒物PM2.5通过通风、渗透进入室内，同时富含增塑剂阻燃剂的合成材料导致大量有害有机物在室内释放。耦合了室外颗粒物与室内有机化合物特征的室内PM2.5已经成为室内 "现代暴露"的重要因子。本项目拟选择室内大气PM2.5及其赋存双酚A、有机磷酸酯、邻苯二甲酸酯类内分泌干扰物为具有潜在不利健康影响的化学暴露因子进行监测。通过典型室内外微环境（超市、医院、住宅）定点监测、人群个体暴露、人体尿液中生物标志物测定、哮喘及其他过敏性疾病发病率统计等手段，深入了解该类暴露因子的污染特征及其真实人体暴露水平，围绕污染物环境外暴露-人体内剂量-流行病发病率之间的关系，揭示具有室内"现代暴露"特征的化学因子的真实暴露水平与潜在健康效应，为我国制定有效的PM2.5空气质量标准提供基础数据和理论依据。

我国在过去三十年间经历了工业和经济上的迅猛发展，同时也衍生了日益严重的环境污染问题。 室内环境作为污染物人体暴露的主要场所，其质量影响着人类健康，而污染物在人体内暴露水平可以有效地评估人体健康风险。本研究以室内环境中的新型内分泌干扰物——有机磷酸酯（OPEs）阻燃剂及其代谢物为主要目标物，采集了上海地区37份室内大气颗粒物、95份室内灰尘以及180 位普通居民（4-90 岁）的晨尿样品，利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS/MS)，测定各个介质中的 OPEs 及其代谢物浓度水平及污染特征，分析研究 OPEs 及其代谢物在室内的潜在来源、环境外暴露及人体的内暴露水平及健康风险评估。并通过问卷调查，探明污染物的人体暴露水平与人口特征学、室内环境以及个体过敏症状之间的关系。9种OPE在室内灰尘中的总浓度范围为708-2226 ng/g，其中氯代OPE（190-962 ng/g）及芳基取代OPE（72.3-1490 ng/g）为主要的物质；在室内大气颗粒物中的总浓度范围为0.69-287 ng/m3，其中烷基取代OPE（0.67-30.3 ng/m3）及氯代OPE（ND-272 ng/m3）为主要物质；9种OPE代谢产物的尿液总浓度范围为100-23800 pg/mL，几何平均值(GM)为1450 pg/mL。烷基OPE的代谢物浓度(879 pg/mL)大约比aryl-OPE的代谢物浓度(53.7 pg/mL)和氯化OPE的代谢物浓度(52.7 pg/mL)高一个数量级。磷酸二苯酯(DPHP)、磷酸二乙酯(DEP)、磷酸二正丁酯(DNBP)、磷酸二(2-乙基己基)、磷酸二(2-丁氧基乙基)和磷酸二(BBOEP)是尿液中发现的主要的OPE代谢物。结果表明,年龄的增加显著降低尿DPHP(r =−0.278,p < 0.01)和DNBP(r =−0.314,p < 0.01)浓度。DPHP (GM = 80.7 pg/mL)和DNBP (GM = 16.9 pg/mL)的最高浓度出现在居住在10岁以下家庭的人的尿液中。尿DNBP浓度与自身报告的过敏症状显著相关。我们的结果建立了中国人群中OPE内暴露的基线值，以便在今后的研究中进行比较。室内灰尘及颗粒物中OPE的浓度与人体尿液中OPE代谢产物不具有显著相关性，表明应综合考虑各种暴露途径。