从事室内体力活动时人体对热环境需求及评价研究

People take various activities inside the buildings, including those related to career, house work and physical activities in leisure time. People have different expectation and requirement to thermal environment when they take different activities. People are capable of developing physiological and psychological adaptation when taking long term or regular activities. In this study, career activities and entertainment physical activities inside buildings will be considered. Among the career activities, light activities inside office buildings have been studies extensively, which will not be further studied here. In fact, this study will focus on higher activities inside factories. Physical activities in leisure time are those that have been taken to improve health and strengthen muscles. When people take the two kinds of activities, career activity in workshops and physical activity in spare time, their aims are quite different, and that will affect their feelings about thermal environment. In this study, both lab experiments and fields studies will be carried out to look into the differences. The main purpose of this study is to work on people’s objective reactions and the changes of physiological parameters when they are undertaking different level of activities. Thermal environmental parameters, objective motivation, thermal sensation, alliesthesia and expectation will be collected and adaptation will be analyzed. Meantime, physiological parameters, like skin temperature, core temperature, metabolic rate, HRV, sweat rate will be tested. Focus will be made on the correlation of subjective and objective factors, and to get full understanding about the requirement and desire for thermal environment for people take physical activities. Local thermal environment regulation facilities will be optimized and developed to increase satisfaction rate. Evaluation methods and system will be established on these foundations.

人员在室内从事各种体力活动（职业性、家务性及闲暇时间体力活动 等）。活动目的不同，对热环境的期望和需求存在差异。长期或定期从事体力活动时，对热环境会产生一定的心理和生理适应性。本研究考虑建筑内进行的职业性及闲暇体力活动。职业性体力活动中不考虑办公类建筑内的轻度体力活动，侧重于企业车间等较高体力活动。闲暇体力活动是为增进健康水平或增强体质而特意进行的锻炼活动。本项目拟对以上不同体力活动开展实验室及现场研究。研究不同强度下人体对热环境的主观反应、客观生理参数的变化规律及适应性反应。分析热环境参数、主观目的、热感受、愉悦性、心理期望、适应性、满意性等因素相互关系；通过测试相关生理参数，如皮肤温度、体核温度、代谢量、HRV、出汗量等，分析规律、建立主观量与客观量之间的关联，理解人体体力活动中对热环境的需求。基于个体可调，优化局部热环境设施。同时进行传热理论分析，在综合分析基础上建立相应评价体系。

本项目针对各类中等体力活动人群的热舒适及评价开展了全面研究。通过气候室实验及理论分析，建立了中等体力活动下人体的传热模型，重点考虑人体活动对服装动态热阻的影响，确定了人体出汗量以及出汗蒸发散热量的计算。发现中等体力活动下人员热感觉与热负荷不完全相关，还受到人体显热及潜热散热占比的影响；在显热占比下降或潜热占比增加时，人员热感觉升高。在人体传热理论分析基础上，通过主成分分析法建立了基于传热因子的人体热舒适评价模型，并得到了基于人体显热及潜热散热量占比的简化热感觉预测模型。通过实测相关生理参数还建立了基于生理因子的热舒适评价模型，为深入理解体力活动人员生理参数的变化规律及热舒适需求奠定了理论基础。通过对企业车间、健身房、农村住宅等不同体力室内环境开展现场调研，分析了各类常见体力活动中人体热舒适的规律。基于调研数据，发现车间体力劳动人员基于职业性限制，对热环境有更强的适应能力；健身房活动人员出于健身及出汗等活动目的，在冬夏季对热环境的要求相对较低；而农村住宅内人员活动时，可自主选择各类适应性调节行为，对冬季低温环境有较强的适应能力。各类体力活动人员的实际热感觉在偏热环境下均低于PMV预测模型，在偏冷环境下均高于PMV预测模型。基于调研数据，分别建立了企业车间、健身场所及住宅等活动场所内人员的热适应模型，可分别用于评价此类热环境，为不同体力活动场所热环境参数的设定提供了理论依据。此外，开展了体力活动人员局部热环境研究，可在夏季通过提高风速改善热感觉，随活动量水平的提高人员可接受风速相应提高；在冬季低温环境下，利用局部接触加热装置及加热足垫等，均可改善体力活动人员的热舒适，使平均皮肤温度、耳温及工作效率提高。营造局部热环境可在大幅降低能耗的基础上，有效改善体力活动人员热舒适。项目期间共发表论文18篇（SCI期刊论文7篇（JCR一区）、国际会议论文5篇、中文期刊论文6篇）。