基于光热耦合和人行为模型的公共建筑窗户性能评估及优化研究

Window is an essential element in architecture, which supplies view and daylighting. Window acts as a major source for building envelope heat gain, while affects the occupant’s behavior which in turns affect the building’s energy consumption as well. Considering both humanistic concern and energy efficiency during window design to achieve a relatively low energy consumption while maintain a comfortable indoor environment is a challenging topic. Existing evaluation system on window performance often ignores its comprehensive effect on indoor visual and thermal environment as well as the energy consumption, the consideration on the interaction between thermal and visual environment parameters is also rather rough. In this project, an experiment – numerical simulation combined method is conducted to develop a comprehensive window performance evaluation system based on occupant behavior model as well as thermal/visual interaction, which is believed to be more precise in the prediction and optimization of the indoor environment quality and energy consumption during the building’s practical operation. An occupant behavior model used for prediction of stress reaction driven by indoor environment parameters is first proposed and validated using experiment. The improved occupant behavior model is then applied in the simulation of indoor thermal and visual environment as well as energy consumption, the result of which is then used for a multiple objective optimization against the window design parameters under different HVAC and lighting condition. Finally, a comprehensive window performance evaluation system considering both indoor environment quality and energy consumption is achieved and validated. The research output from the project could act as a reference for practical projects.

窗户是建筑的必备元素，在提供视野和天然采光的同时，也是围护结构得热的主要来源，且会驱动使用者行为进而影响建筑运行能耗。窗户设计如何兼顾能效和人文，在以人为本的前提下尽可能的降低运行能耗，是很有挑战性的课题。现有的窗户性能评价体系并没有综合考虑窗户对室内光、热环境品质及能耗的影响，对光、热环境参数的耦合影响也考虑的较粗糙。本课题拟采用实测和模拟结合的研究方式，建立一套基于光、热耦合和人行为模型的窗户综合性能评价体系，以更全面、准确的预测和优化建筑实际运行中的能耗水平及室内环境。课题将首先建立预测室内环境参数驱动下用户行为的人行为模型，并通过实验进行验证和优化；进一步将人行为模型应用到室内光、热环境品质和运行能耗的模拟中，对不同空调和照明形式下的窗户参数进行多目标多参数优化，最终得到综合考虑室内环境品质和建筑能耗的窗户设计评价指标并进行实验验证。课题的研究成果对实际工程设计有指导意义。

窗户是现代建筑的必备元素，在提供必要的视野和天然采光的同时，也是围护结构得热的主要来源，窗户的设计如何兼顾建筑运行能效和人文，在以人为本的前提下尽可能的降低运行能耗，是绿色建筑设计中极具挑战性的课题。现有的窗户性能评价体系并没有综合考虑窗户对室内光、环境品质以及能耗的综合影响，导致在建筑的实际使用过程中窗户的性能与设计初衷产生偏差。本课题以室内光、热环境参数对用户主观舒适性的影响为突破点，通过用户在室内环境参数耦合影响下的应激行为将室内环境品质和建筑运行能耗联系起来预测和优化建筑实际运行中的能耗水平及室内环境，从而对窗户的性能做出更为全面和准确的评价。首先通过大规模的问卷调研和数值统计结果，建立了室内光、热环境参数耦合驱动下的公共建筑内部一系列用户典型行为模型，阐明了不同环境参数对用户应激行为的相关性和敏感性；建立了公共建筑室内用户行为实验室，对上述用户典型行为模型进行了验证和优化。在用户典型行为模型的基础上，采用聚类分析等多种数值分析方法结合的方式，建立了一系列对应不同类型公共建筑的典型建筑围护结构模型，最终获得了一系列用于综合评估公共建筑窗户光、热性能的数值仿真平台工具。本研究成果对于公共建筑中窗户的设计、选材、评估以及优化具有重要的实际意义。