建筑集群节能减排导向的高密度城区城市设计图谱方法研究

Aiming at the lack of useful and efficient energy modelling tools at the urban district/neighbourhood scales, The project proposes to develop a urban building energy atlas, to understand and quantify the complex relationships between urban morphology and building energy usage associated with heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting. The method will take an empirical approach, establishing a microclimate boundary by complement and expand the previously developed summertime heat island and thermal comfort atlas to comprehensive thermal atals covering heating, cooling and transient seasons, so as to meet the energy modelling demand temporally and spatially. Standard dynamic thermal modelling packages will be used to simulate the carefully-defined "archetypes" of all categories of urban buildings, using all combinations of morphological parameters in addition to the above-defined microcliamte boundary as inputs, and generate a set of functions between urban morphology and building energy demand and energy potential (renewable energy such as solar thermal and PV). Customed scripts based on GIS will be used to map, overlay and generate the energy and carbon balance distribution within urban districts/neighbourhood buildings. The energy atlas is reliable and capable of providing visual communications between planners/designers and energy experts, and can be useful tool for better-informed decision in energy-efficient and low carbon urban renovation and new town development.

建筑节能减排对于应对气候变化和实现可持续发展意义重大。高密度城市形态与建筑能耗具有内在关联。针对目前城市设计尺度上的能耗模拟方法的缺失，本项目提出基于前期城市设计微气候图谱的成果，发展一种建筑集群能耗图谱方法，来量化城市形态及其城市微气候对建筑采暖、制冷以及照明能耗的影响和关联：通过实证建模和数值模拟校验，对原有微气候图谱的参数图层在时间和空间上进行补充完善，协助构建建筑基准能耗模型的微气候边界；构建城市微气候边界约束下的各类型建筑基准能耗模型，并通过模拟计算得到各类型基准建筑的形态设计参数与能耗强度指标的关联曲线集和修正系数集；基于城市地理信息系统（GIS）和数字高程模型（DEM）进行二次开发，将上述形态-能耗关联进行空间映射，形成对城区/街区建筑集群形态的能量平衡和碳排放表现进行预测评价和优化设计的扩展模块。该方法将为旧城更新和新城开发提供以建筑节能减排为导向的城市形态评价与设计工具。

本项目旨在发展一种建筑集群能耗图谱方法，来量化城市形态及其城市微气候对建筑采暖、制冷以及照明能耗的影响和关联。本项目均按计划实施，已经完成研究目标。项目组全面总结梳理现有城市建筑集群能耗模拟（Urban Building Energy Modeling, UBEM）理论和原理，深入分析UBEM相关软件算法的设计可用性，并聚焦算法的优化，通过把结合风光热时空分布和城市建筑空间布局的聚类模型与类型化单元模块的动态能耗模型相结合，在满足一定前提条件下进行权重求和获得总体能耗，从而实现在计算资源和结果精度之间取得合理平衡，以此作为能耗图谱方法的底层基础模型。项目组选取上海市内在组团布局、功能混合方面具有代表性的街区和住区开展了用户能耗和用能行为实地调研和问卷访谈，以及对相应建筑围护结构热工设计及空调设备系统现状进行详细调研，根据街区建筑围护结构、用户用能行为的经验数据对计算程序的输入参数进行校正并对模拟结果进行校验；使用经校验的集群能耗模型实现对街区建筑节能改造方案的评价优化，对能耗图谱方法的适用性进行了验证。项目取得成果包括英文专著1本（标注本基金资助；SCOPUS收录）；论文14篇，其中SCI检索3篇，EI检索2篇，中文核心A类4篇；项目组成员参加国际学术会议交流发言5次，短期访问新加披国大项目交流；培养硕士研究生5名。