基于儿童地理学的儿童城市游憩空间感知与体验研究

This study is inspired by the growing importance of including the traditionally excluded voices of children in the planning of public spaces as articulated in the literature of geography and urban planning, as well as the recognition of children as a significant niche market in the contemporary tourism industry. Previous studies indicated that children can benefit enormously from traveling to other places. Tourism can not only broaden their horizon, but also build up their body and mind. Children are also proven to be an influential factor in directing parents’ travel decision making. Despite the importance of tourism to children’s development physically and intellectually, as well as the critical role children play in family travel decision, this segment has been largely neglected in the scholarly journals. A brief review shows that existing studies suffer from the absence of theoretical framework and a lack of methodological rigor. In addition, children were not treated as autonomous individuals. Most, if not all, studies were conducted from the perspectives of adults assuming children are passive objects of the study. Exploratory in nature, the current study is designed to fill in the research gap by proposing a conceptual framework of the study of children’s recreation activities based on a thorough review of theories and concepts in cognate disciplines. In addition, grounded in Lefebvre’s Spatial Triad and conceptualized in the concepts and methodologies in Children’s Geographies, the proposed research project will investigate children’s perception and experience of urban recreation space through two independent yet interrelated studies: a case study and a phenomenology study. It is expected that the study findings will have significant theoretical, methodological, and practical merits.

本研究的产生是基于两个宏观背景。一为国际社会对儿童权利的关注的增加，及其在城市地理与规划领域的反映；二为随着社会经济和文化发展水平的不断提高，以及中国特殊的家庭政策衍生的家庭结构，使得在中国以儿童为中心的亲子户外活动快速发展。从出游动机来看，已有文献显示儿童已成为家庭旅游重要影响要素。尽管儿童在户外游憩与家庭旅游中的重要性逐步得到重视，但学术界对这一群体的了解却非常有限。已有儿童户外游憩、特别是儿童城市游憩与旅游研究在理论及方法方面都存在明显不足。本研究将在对相关理论综述的基础上提出儿童游憩研究的理论框架，并把儿童地理学的概念和方法引入儿童户外游憩研究中，基于空间三元论，通过两个独立但又相互联系的分研究，结合多种数据收集方式了解儿童对城市游憩空间的感知和体验。研究成果将为游憩学开辟新的研究领域，同时丰富地理学、旅游规划学以及消费者行为学等相关学科。

本研究是一项探索性研究，旨在了解儿童这一日益重要的社会群体的旅游行为。研究成果主要涵盖五个方面。..课题组首先通过文献研究构建儿童旅游研究的基本理论框架，研究认为对儿童旅游的研究可以从三个方面入手：消费者行为视角的儿童作为旅游产品的消费者；地理学视角的儿童作为旅游空间的使用者和创造者；以及社会学视角的儿童作为旅游意义的创造者。..其次，课题组通过网络民族志、深度访谈和问卷调查收集数据了解家庭旅游动机及家庭旅游决策。研究发现家庭出游动机以推力动机为主，体现在三个方面：孩子发展、家长需要、家庭共处时光，而在家庭出游决策过程中，父母对自己的身份，亲子关系和夫妻关系身份，以及家庭整体身份的认同会影响其在决策中的作用及决策结果。..第三，课题组通过绘画辅助的深度访谈试图从儿童的视角了解其旅游体验，研究结果表明，儿童的旅游体验可以分为知觉体验，社交体验，认知体验，和自由四个维度。..第四，课题组通过眼动设备了解儿童对不同设计类型的旅游广告图片的关注度及其出游偏好，研究结果表明，经卡通或手绘处理的旅游图片可以有效吸引儿童的注意力，儿童更倾向于体现娱乐类产品的图片，其次为自然类及文化类旅游图片..最后，课题组通过网络民族志法、结合绘画的深度访谈、儿童主导景区行动轨迹的方法收集数据了解儿童对旅游地的空间感知，包括基于手绘地图的空间感知，以及儿童对空间友好度的感知。研究发现儿童对空间的感知可以抽象为七种地图类型，即排序型、散点型、链条型、马赛克型、格局型、中性发散型、和单体型；而对于空间的友好度的描述则主要体现在喜爱、满足需求、学习和发展、专属领地、私密、自由六个维度。..本研究丰富了儿童地理学、消费者行为学及童年社会学等相关学科。研究成果还将为城市旅游目的地以人为本的规划提供理论依据。