农业现代化进程中农户兼业动机及影响因素研究- - 以内蒙古农村牧区为例

Household is the most important economic body of rural society, which is the most basic producing and consuming unit, and the important economic body in less-developed region. As the phenomenon of division of labor, household part-time farming not only exists universally in most countries of worldwide, but also is the important phenomenon of rural economy in China during the transition period. In the agricultural modernization, industrialization and urbanization under the background of rapid development, exploring the specific stage, as a less developed areas and agricultural areas of rural pastoral areas of rural households of Inner Mongolia farmers can relate the basic law behavior of part-time behavior. Taking rural households in Inner Mongolia as an example, to study the motivation and influence factors of part-time behavior of households in the process of agricultural modernization has good practical significance for the part-time behavior of the academic research and practice of decision-making reference (especially for the less developed regions) . In addition, which can provide the theory basis and the policy suggestion for governments at all levels in Inner Mongolia to make the relevant policies to promote the development of part-time behavior of households and to play the potential and advantage of part-time behavior of rural households in Inner Mongolia, and to increase farmers' income, and has profound significance to promote the sustainable development of agriculture in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region.

农户是农村社会最微观的经济主体，是村域经济中最基本的生产消费单元，是欠发达地区最重要的经济活动主体。农户兼业作为一种分工现象，不仅在世界各国普遍存在，更是中国农村经济转型时期具有自身特色的重要现象。在农业现代化、工业化和城市化进程快速发展的背景下，探索这一特定阶段下，作为欠发达地区和农业主产区的内蒙古农村牧区的农户兼业行为基本规律。以内蒙古农村牧区为例，研究农业现代化进程中农户和牧户兼业动机及影响因素，对于丰富我国农户兼业行为的学术研究和实践中的决策参考（尤其对于欠发达地区）具有较好的现实意义。此外，可为内蒙古地区各级政府制定相关政策促进农户兼业的发展提供理论依据和政策建议，并对于发挥内蒙古农村牧区农户兼业的潜力和优势，增加农民收入，促进内蒙古地区的农业可持续发展有着深远的意义。

农业是国民经济的命脉，农业现代化是国民经济现代化的基础。伴随我国工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化进程，农业物质技术装备水平不断提高，农村劳动力大量转移;农村劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移，是世界各国工业化、城镇化的普遍趋势，也是农业现代化的必然要求。由此可见，兼业现象将伴随着工业化、城镇化的始终。. 本研究基于内蒙古农村牧区农牧户调查数据，回顾了中国发达地区农户的兼业发展阶段，并且进一步研究了欠发达地区农户兼业的发展特征；总结了日本农户兼业的发展规律；从理论角度剖析了农户兼业行为的动机与决策；从实证角度分析了影响农户兼业行为的相关因素与作用机理；分析了农牧户兼业生产经营特征；尤其注重分析了农牧户土地流转特征；探析了不同经营模式农牧户的未来经营意向，并对于内蒙古农村牧区农牧户兼业的总体发展趋势作出判断。. 本研究的数据来源为2014年初在内蒙古农村牧区所做的问卷调查，采用分层抽样法选取了样本县、乡镇和村（按人均纯收入分层），从各个盟（市）抽取1～3个旗（县），再采用类似的抽样方法从每个样本旗（县）中抽取2～3个乡（苏木），然后在每个乡（苏木）抽取1～3个行政村，最后在每个村根据人口规模随机抽取一定数量的农牧户作为调查样本。共发放1600份农牧户问卷和135份村（嘎查） 问卷，其中，农牧户有效调查问卷1332份，有效问卷率为83.3%；村（嘎查）调查问卷收回130份，有效问卷率为96.3%。样本数据涵盖内蒙古农村牧区的11个盟（市） ，26个旗（县），54个乡镇（苏木） 。. 基于上述研究结论，提出以下政策建议：第一,统筹推进土地制度改革，推动农业现代化的发展进程。第二，实行农村牧区教育一体化，创新农村牧区劳动力培训机制。第三，提高内蒙古农村牧区基础设施建设水平，进一步完善公共服务和社会保障。第四，进一步推进户籍制度改革，真正放宽户籍制度。第五，发挥家庭经营的基础作用，继续重视和扶持其发展农牧业生产。