中国驼螽科的分类研究

The family Rhaphidophoridae is a unique taxon in Orthoptera, apterous, hunchbacked, without tympana, not stridulating, saprophytic. Up to now, Rhaphidophoridae includes 86 genera 759 species (subspecies) around the world, and which is recorded 12 genera 101 species (subspecies) in China, of which two-thirds are discovered in recent 20 years and nearly half are published by foreign scholars. The taxonomic study of Chinese Rhaphidophoridae exists some prominent problems: the majority of new species were named based on only single specimen, which makes it difficult for assessing individual variances; quite a few new species are described unnormative, and there are many errors in gantt charts; the most of type specimens of new species published by foreign scholars are preserved in foreign museums, it is inconvenient to examine them; the Chinese Rhaphidophoridae possesses rich resources, but the investigation is unsystematic, the level of research is far behind the world level. This project uses evolutionary taxonomy, based on the systematic investigation of resource and the examination of type specimen, according to the characters of appearance and male genitalia, and combines with morphological data and molecular data to test the monophyly of the existing taxa of Rhaphidophoridae and construct the classification system based on monophyletic groups. By analyzing the distribution information of Chinese species, using ecological model (BIOCLIM and MAXENT and so on), the project combines paleoclimate data and related geologic events to discuss the distribution pattern, fauna origin and evolution of Chinese Rhaphidophoridae.

驼螽科是直翅目一个独特的类群，无翅、驼背、无听器、不发声，腐生性。到目前为止，世界驼螽科记录86属759种（亚种），中国驼螽科记录12属101种（亚种）。中国记载2/3的种类是近20年发现的，且近半数是外国学者发表的。中国驼螽科分类研究存在的突出问题：发表的新种，多数是仅依据单头标本命名的，难以评估个体变异；不少新种描述不规范，线条图误差大；外国学者发表的新种，模式标本保存于国外，核对模式标本极不方便；中国驼螽科资源丰富，但调查不系统，研究远落后于世界水平。本项目应用进化分类学的方法，在系统资源调查和核对模式标本的基础上，依据外形特征和雄性外生殖器特征，综合形态学数据和分子数据，对驼螽科现有分类单元的单系性检验，并构建基于单系群的分类体系；通过分析中国种类分布信息，应用生态模型（BIOCLIM和 MAXENT 等），结合古气候环境数据和相关地质事件，探讨中国驼螽科分布格局、区系起源与进化。

驼螽是直翅目一个独特的类群，无翅，体呈驼背状，栖息于腐质层或洞穴，营腐生生活。本项目针对我国驼螽研究不系统，家底不清，分类混乱的现状，开展了相关研究。研究结果基本摸清了中国驼螽科资源，对突灶螽属Diestramima，疾灶螽属Tachycines等进行了修订，发现小突灶螽属Mimadiestra和拟芒灶螽属Paradiestrammena为中国新记录属，并建立驼螽科2新属，发表中国驼螽科40新种。基于联合基因数据集重建了驼螽科的系统发育关系，厘清了突灶螽族Diestramimini属间的系统发育关系：Bidiestramima +（（Arboramima + Gigantettix）+（Diestramima + Tamdaotettix））；发现并总结了适用于裸灶螽属Gymnaetoides和拟疾灶螽属Pseudotachycines分属和分种的关键特征。在系统调查（包括北京、河北、山西、河南、浙江、安徽、江西、广西、广东、福建、海南、湖南、湖北、四川、重庆、贵州、陕西、青海、宁夏、西藏）的基础上，基本摸清了中国驼螽科的分布特点，利用分歧时间估算和祖先分布区重构探讨了突灶螽族的起源与演化，结果表明突灶螽在中国可能起源于渐新世中期的滇南和广西，具有2条独立的进化路线，其多样性受中新世多次扩散和隔离事件的驱动，与青藏高原的隆起、季风的形成和气候的波动有关，华中和粤桂地区可能是突灶螽族物种分化和分布中心。同时，应用激光共聚焦显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了庭疾灶螽消化系统与排泄系统的显微结构和超微结构，结果表明庭疾灶螽中肠柱状上皮细胞的线团状颗粒由微丝包裹；内分泌细胞由再生细胞龛中的细胞分化而来，产生的内分泌颗粒排到血腔；中肠基膜发达，包含微丝与复合糖成分，基膜通过对中肠上皮细胞的支撑作用为肠道蠕动提供保障；庭疾灶螽马氏管细胞中可见大量颗粒和大量球晶，推测可能是一种储存排泄。