应急情景下民航管制员安全行为能力综合测评研究

The original air traffic control plans are instantly disrupted in emergency conditions, so the controllers should have ability to deal with the unexpected events. Statistics show that more than 90% of unsafe events in air traffic control were caused by the controllers' unsafe behaviors. This study attempts to establish an appropriate multi-dimensional assessment technique to evaluate safe behavior ability of the controllers, understand the mechanism of the unsafe behaviors and their influencing factors in order to guide the controllers to avoid these unsafe behaviors and improve their control ability. Based on the physiology, the experiment will be designed to assess the controllers' safe behavior ability by measuring some specific physiological indicators and tasks performance indicators in some simulated typical scenarios in the control process.Based on the human information processing model, controllers' cognitive biases scale will be designed to measure the degree of cognitive bias of controllers in air traffic emergency conditions. The safe behavior ability index of the controllers will be constructed and the the synthetic assessment model will be established by analysis of the physiological indicators, task performance indicators and cognitive bias indicators. The significance of the mathematical model is describe the controllers' safe behavior ability in the emergency conditions, increase the risk level of awareness of the controllers and provide a basis to solve the lack of personal behavior unsafe events . The application value of this project is to provide ideas to improve the controllors recruitment and training programs. Its theoretical significance is to further enrich safe behavior theory.

在空中交通管制应急情景下，原有的管制预案会被瞬间打乱，管制员必须具备一定的应变能力。90%以上的管制事件是由管制员的不安全行为所导致的，因此有必要综合测评管制员的安全行为能力，掌握其不安全行为发生机理和影响因素，引导其避免不安全行为，为提高管制水平提供依据。本项目拟选择并模拟管制过程中具有代表性的应急情景，基于生理学知识，测量管制员有关生理指标的变化和任务绩效指标；基于人的信息加工模型，设计信息加工各阶段的认知偏差测量量表，测量应急情景下管制员的认知偏差程度；构造应急情景下管制员的安全行为能力指数，建立基于认知偏差指标、生理指标和任务绩效指标的安全行为能力综合测评模型，反映其行为能力大小，提高其对应急情景的风险认识水平，为解决由于个人行为能力不足而导致的不安全事件提供依据。本项目的研究为空管单位改进管制员选拔系统，修正管制员培训方案提供思路，对进一步充实行为科学理论有一定的价值。

90%以上的管制事件是由管制员的不安全行为所导致的，尤其是在应急情景下，原有的管制预案会被瞬间打乱，管制员必须具备一定的应变能力。因此本项目结合主观测量法、生理测量法与任务绩效测量法，综合测评管制员的安全行为能力，掌握其不安全行为发生机理和影响因素，引导其避免不安全行为，为提高管制水平提供依据。.基于信息加工模型，结合管制工作特点，编制管制员认知偏差测评量表，对量表进行项目分析与信效度分析；利用该量表对管制员认知偏差进行测量，结果表明管制员在管制过程中的信息获取、信息处理、信息输出三个阶段均存在认知偏差；不同性别及年龄的管制员在认知偏差方面存在显著差异。.整合雷达管制模拟机和生理多导仪，构建实验系统，以进近雷达管制员为被试，以大流量管制为应急情景，获取分析并比较新老管制员生理数据。实验结果发现：随着航班数量的增加，管制员的张力皮肤电导率、相位皮肤电导率、心率、心率变异性等生理心理学指标有显著性变化；到达大流量级别后，生理指标的变化率逐渐回落。.以各生理指标变化率为自变量，构建无量纲的安全行为能力指数f。分析该指数与安全绩效指标的相关性，得出指数f与被试的技能水平、完成练习时间有着极强的相关性；f指数越高，管制员的情景意识越好，发现飞行员复诵错误的次数越多，保持安全间隔的能力越强，管制策略越正确高效，注意力分配也越合理。.针对雷达管制员，开展大流量应急情景下的眼动实验，获取管制员的眼动特征数据。结果发现：随着管制流量的增大，注视、眼跳、瞳孔3类眼动数据发生显著变化，且注视、眼跳的部分指标在不同技能水平的被试间也存在显著差异。不同技能水平的管制员的信息搜索策略存在差异，且均随管制流量的变化发生改变。.结合上述研究结果，建议在招聘过程中应增加认知偏差方面的心理测试，增加管制员认知偏差方面的培训内容。通过测试管制员安全行为能力指数，预测该管制员在应对实际情景中的表现，对管制员岗位安排提供依据。