后危机时代集群企业创新响应机制及其对集群演化路径的影响：以浙江省为例

The 2008 financial crisis had badly hit the economy of Zhejiang province. How clustering firms responded, adapted and innovated after the crisis and how their innovative behavior and strategies affected the future evolutionary pathways of clusters have become a big concern of both scholars and decision-makers. In recent years, economic geographers have paid much attention to the importance of regional assets, variety and diversity of industrial structure, heterogeneity of network configuration in the innovative behavior and performance of firms as well as the driving forces of resilient clusters. While the region- and network-based analytical framework has enhanced our understanding of firms' innovation and clusters' evolution, it neglected the influence of intra-firm resource and capabilities on the formation of firm strategies and on the evolutionary pathways of clusters. Therefore, along with the "scalar turn" and "evolutionary turn" in economic geography, this project attempts to develop a theoretical framework that incorporates not only global/ national level influential factors and regional-level assets and institutions, but also firm-level behavior and strategies to explore the innovative responses and performance of clustering firms and their influences on the evolutionary pathways of clusters in Zhejiang province after the crisis. This project also makes a comparison between high-tech and low-tech industries and highlights the location difference in the driving forces of firms' responses and cluster's evolution. It is expected to make a minor contribution to evolutionary economic geography, cluster theory and innovation theory and to provide references for government policy on innovation and transformation of firms and clusters.

2008年国际金融危机对浙江省制造业产业集群造成了巨大影响。集群企业如何应对危机、调整创新，企业响应的集体效应又如何影响集群的演化路径是政府和学术界关注的重要命题。近年来，经济地理学注重从区域制度和网络结构等中观层面探讨企业创新机制和集群演化动力，较少探索微观企业内部资源和能力对创新策略的形成以及对集群演化路径自下而上的影响。本研究结合经济地理学近年来的"尺度转向"和"演化转向"，以危机背景下的浙江省集群企业为研究对象，建立基于"宏观环境-中观结构-微观行为"多尺度动态协同驱动的分析框架，运用定量分析和定性研究相结合的方法，探索危机后集群企业创新响应的驱动机制和策略演变，揭示企业创新响应行为和区域制度结构协同影响下的集群演化路径和方向，总结企业创新响应驱动机制和集群演化路径的产业差异和地方差异，丰富产业集群理论和演化经济地理学，为各级政府促进企业创新和集群转型提供政策参考。

2008年金融危机对我国制造业产业集群造成了巨大影响。集群企业如何应对危机、调整创新，地方产业集群如何保持弹性发展是政府和学术界关注的重要命题。本研究构建“宏观环境-中观结构-微观行为”多尺度动态协同驱动的分析框架，在问卷调查和企业访谈基础上，利用定量和定性分析相结合的研究方法，探索了危机后不同类型集群企业创新响应的驱动机制以及产业异质性影响下的产业集群弹性发展因素，得到以下结论。（1）浙江省县域经济弹性存在较大空间差异，区域创新水平、非相关多样性、中小企业占比是影响区域经济弹性的关键因素，而政府财政支出与外贸依存度负向影响了区域经济弹性。（2）产业集群的弹性影响因素因产业特性而异。对电子信息产业集群来说，集群企业的异质性、龙头企业的影响力、地方产业的开放性和动态性对电子信息产业集群弹性均有显著的正向影响，而集群企业的薪酬待遇、区域非相关多样性等因素对纺织产业集群弹性有着更为重要的作用。同时，高技术产业与低技术产业在知识搜寻模式和对危机的创新响应方面也存在重要差异。（3）对同一产业类型的集群来说，企业-集群-政府在集群发展不同阶段的交互演化关系对集群创新和弹性发展有着重要影响。通过对比产业基础相当的濮院和洪合羊毛衫产业集群，我们发现企业自适应能力、集群网络、政府引导作用应是共生共演关系，三者在任一阶段的错位将导致集群弹性下降。（4）在企业层面，企业的技术层次和地位、所有制类型、与不同知识载体的互动、区域产业结构等因素均对后危机时代企业的创新模式和响应机制产生了重要影响。该项目认为，任何割裂的、单尺度的研究视角都不足以解释后危机时代集群企业的创新响应和地方产业集群的弹性发展，而应采用多尺度动态共演的理论分析框架深入理解多尺度的共演作用；地方政府在扶持地方产业发展中，不仅要保持集群内企业异质性、动态性和开放性，也要注重发挥龙头企业的带领作用，更应重视产业异质性对集群弹性发展的影响。