超细纤维/贵金属杂化材料的结构调控及其在环境传感中的应用研究

Environment detection and sensing is of great significance to human health. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and electrochemical sensing (ECS) are both frontier science and technology achieving environment detection and sensing through nanometer effect. However, the ordered arrangement and assembly of nanomaterial are the key and difficult factors to obtain the highly sensitive and highly selective property for both SERS and ECS. In the present investigations, electrospun nanofibers are utilized as the substrate materials to support, arrange and assemble nanostructures to fabricate nanofiber/noble metal nanostructure hybrids. The prepared hybrids are applied as the substrate materials in SERS and ECS to achieve the effective detection and sensing for the object chemicals. By the study on the microstructures of the hybrids, especially the relationship and law between the morphology, particle size, arrangement of noble metal nanostructure and the SERS and ECS effect, a series of scientific and theoretical principles and problems in the effects of the hybrids, such as surface plasmon resonance, accelerating charge transfer, catalyzing, molecular fix and label, will be investigated and demonstrated. In addtion, the present investigation will provide necessary theoretical fundaments for the SERS and ECS science based on molecular recognition together with an effective technique and method for the detection and sensing of the enviroment and diseases, which is very significant for both science and society.

环境检测和传感对人类健康具有重要意义,表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）和电化学传感器（ECS）是利用纳米效应实现环境检测和传感的前沿科学和技术,SERS基底和ECS电极中纳米材料的有序排列和组装是实现高灵敏、高选择性检测和传感的关键和难点。本研究利用超细纤维负载、排列和组装纳米基元，制备超细纤维/贵金属杂化材料并调控其结构，将杂化材料用于SERS基底和ECS电极材料，实现对待测物质的高灵敏、高选择性识别和传感。通过研究杂化材料微观结构，特别是杂化材料中贵金属纳米基元的形貌、粒径（直径）、排列与Raman增强效应和电化学增强效应之间的关系与规律，揭示杂化材料的等离子体共振、加速电荷转移、催化、固定和标记分子等效应中的一系列科学和理论问题，为基于分子识别的SERS和ECS科学提供必要的理论基础，为环境和疾病的检测和传感提供一个有效的手段和方法，具有重要的科学意义和社会意义。

按照研究内容和研究计划，项目组利用超细纤维负载、排列和组装纳米基元，制备超细纤维/贵金属杂化材料并调控其结构，将杂化材料用SERS基底和ECS电极材料，实现对待测物质的高灵敏、高选择性识别和传感。采用原位法和表面修饰法制备超细纤维/贵金属杂化材料及其结构调控。为进一步提高杂化材料的电子传输能力和稳定性，将超细纤维碳化得到超细碳纤维，研究了低维纳米晶体在超细纤维碳化过程中的演化和迁移，超细纤维可以作为纳米反应器对低维纳米晶体的形貌实现调控。研究表明，利用原位还原和表面修饰法，可以有效的在PVA、PVP、PVA/PEI等超细纤维膜表面和内部负载和排列Au、Pt、Rh、Pt-Au、Pd-Co等低维纳米晶体，而碳化则可以进一步有效提高材料的稳定性和催化活性。项目组将所构筑的超细纤维/贵金属杂化材料用于电化学传感和重金属检测，显示了非常低的检测限和宽的检测范围。将所构筑的杂化材料用于SERS基底的增强，显示了非常好的Raman增强活性。项目组探索了杂化材料的微观结构与其SERS和电化学增强效应之间的关系，研究表明杂化材料的催化活性主要源自于形貌可控的低维纳米晶体、超细碳纤维的石墨化结构，以及超细纤维的高比表面积、高孔隙率。本研究为环境的检测和传感提供一个有效的手段和方法，具有重要的科学意义和社会意义。此外，还探索了它们在催化、能量转换等领域的应用，进一步拓宽了杂化材料的应用范围。.在项目的资助下，本研究发表标注SCI论文26篇，其中影响因子大于5的14篇，申请中国发明专利4项，授权1项，培养硕士研究生6名。