农民分化条件下连片特困地区农户经济行为与差异性扶贫策略——基于乌蒙山区的实证研究

Collectively concentrated poor area will be the main battlefield of poverty alleviation in China. The poverty situation of Wumeng Montainous Area, locating at the border among Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan, draws extensive attention because of extremely high marginal cost for anti-poverty. Along with the narrowing of taget range, it's necessary to understand behavior of poor farmer-household in ordrer to construct anti-poverty strategy aiming at houldhold. As a behavioral subject with diversified purposes, poor farmers has diversified needs for poverty allevation resources; at the same time, as the differientiation of peasants influencing operational behavior of farmer-houseld, differend sorts of farmer-household have differentiated needs for poverty alleviation resources. Adopting the method of stratified random sampling, our team will investigate among Wumeng Mountainous Area to cellect datas on farmer-household level, to analyse the situation of differentiation of peasants, to study its influence on operational behavior of poor farmer-household. Our program will study the characteristics of factor endownment, production behavior, consumption behavior of different sorts of poor farmer-household, such as pure farmer, first part-time farmer, secondary part-time farmer, and non-farmer ect, to do comparative research among their needs on poverty alleviation resources. Through case study, our program will then probe how to provide more targeted poverty alleviation for poor farmers to satisify their needs of subsistence and income growth, at the same time to improve their capability of self development, so to increase the efficiency of anti-poverty policies

连片特困地区是我国未来一段时间内扶贫攻坚的主战场。作为典型的连片特困地区，乌蒙山区扶贫难度极大，农村反贫困问题受到高度关注。随着我国扶贫目标瞄准范围逐步缩小，推进以户为目标的扶贫策略要求进一步加强农户行为的研究工作。作为一个多元目标的行为主体，贫困农户对扶贫资源的需求具有多样性特征，同时，不同类型贫困农户对扶贫资源的需求具有差异性特征，因此需要根据贫困农户需求构建更具针对性的差异性扶贫策略。课题分析乌蒙山区农村贫困家庭农民分化的基本情况，考察农民分化对贫困农户家庭经营的影响，研究不同类型贫困农户的要素禀赋、生产行为、消费行为等经济行为特征,比较分析不同类型贫困农户对扶贫资源的需求，并通过案例研究，探讨如何在反贫困实践中提供更具针对性的扶贫资源，在满足贫困农户生存和收入增长目标的基础上，提高贫困农户发展能力，从而促进扶贫效率的提升。

80年代中期以来，我国不断调整扶贫目标瞄准机制，先后经历了贫困县瞄准、贫困村瞄准、农户瞄准不同阶段。随着“精准扶贫”方略的实施，我国建立了贫困县、贫困村和贫困户的三级扶贫瞄准机制，实践中由县域瞄准、村级瞄准和农户瞄准三级瞄准机制共同发挥作用，贫困县作为分配扶贫资金的主要依据，贫困村和农户则是使用扶贫资金的主体。但是，即使投入了大量的行政和经济资源，建立了严格的识别、帮扶、监督、评估体系，仍然难以杜绝贫困人群识别错误、扶贫资源漏出的现象，也难以真正地做到扶贫资源与贫困人口需求的有效对接。从理论上来讲，农户是一个具有生产、消费双重属性、极其复杂的微观主体，而且伴随着市场化、工业化城市化进程而出现的农民分化现象，极大地增加了农户群体的异质性，这对以户施策的扶贫工作提出了挑战。项目运用农户数据，实证考察了纯农户、农业兼业户、非农兼业户啊、非农户等不同类型农户的要素禀赋，比较研究了不同类型农户的储蓄行为、投资行为、生产行为、收入结构。实证研究的基础上，项目提出，乌蒙山区需要加强基础设施建设，调整区域经济结构，促进区域产业升级，重视适应性农业技术的研究与推广，发挥政策性金融与商业性金融功能，促进资本形成，打破贫困恶性循环，通过构建系统的扶贫政策来促进贫困问题的解决。同时，在扶贫实践中，需要针对不同类型农户制定差异化的扶贫策略。针对弱势贫困群体，实施以完善农村社会保障为主的扶贫政策。对于有意愿扩大规模、发展专业化优势的农户群体，应提供生产条件帮助他们提升规模经济与专业化生产的优势。针对非农就业意愿较为强烈的农户，应该帮助他们提升就业技能，促进收入提升。