草地资源多主体协同治理网络的结构特征、作用机理与制度转型

Confronted with complexity and uncertainty inherent in pastoral social-ecological system (SES), multi-agent collaborative governance (CG) composed of relevant stakeholders is acknowledged as an effective solution to rangeland sustainability problem. Nevertheless, a deeper understanding of if, when and how CG is effective is needed. From a perspective of social network and employing combined methods of field survey, social network analysis, econometrics, remote sensing, this study will first investigate the participating actors, their interactive process and structure of collaborative network, then classify the typical patterns of CG in pastoral China by quantitatively measuring the structure indicators and characterizing the structure features of collaborative networks. Second, we will examine the effects of various CG patterns, especially on resilience of pastoral SESs, then reveal the influence mechanisms of CGs by examining networks’ fit to underlying collective action problems and ecological contexts, roles played by actors who occupy key positions in the network, as well as adaptive capacity to perturbations from larger scales. Third, based on the Institution Change Theory, we will explore the mechanisms of institutional transformation to CG, then put forth a pathway of transformation suitable for China’s rangeland. Through above research, we hope to provide empirical evidences for rangeland CG and provide constructive suggestions for the formulation and improvement of relevant policies.

面对牧区社会生态系统固有的复杂性与不确定性，利益相关者参与的多主体协同治理模式被认为是实现草原可持续性的有效途径。然而，协同治理在何种背景下有效及为什么有效是亟待解决的关键科学问题。本项目从社会网络的视角，基于实地调查、社会网络分析、计量分析与遥感等多种方法，梳理我国牧区草地资源协同治理的主体构成、交互过程与结构，度量网络结构特征指标，归纳草地资源协同治理的典型模式；检验不同协同治理模式的绩效差异，尤其是对牧区社会生态系统恢复力的作用；通过分析协同网络结构与集体行动问题、生态背景的匹配，关键节点行为人的作用，应对更大尺度的社会、环境变化的适应能力等方面，阐释其内生与外生作用机理；基于制度变迁理论，阐释草地资源协同治理制度转型的机制；从培育社会资本准备转型、利用机会窗口促进转型、完善法律法规实现转型等方面提出制度转型的路径，为草地资源协同治理提供实证依据及相关政策制订与完善提供科学建议。

草原牧区面临气候变化、人口外流、制度变迁、市场波动等多源冲击与压力，牧民亟需协同发展适应能力以支撑其生计。本项目在综述我国草地资源管理制度历史演变及协同治理的内涵与外延的基础上，采用青海省4个典型牧区县牧户问卷调研数据，综合运用社会网络分析与计量经济学模型方法，实证调查了牧户个体属性、社会网络结构及其交互对其草地管理、畜牧生产行为的影响，科学阐释了牧户草地租赁、减畜、舍饲养殖模式采纳行为的社会网络效应、认知前因与心理形成路径，从社会学与心理学的视角改进了对牧户异质性行为响应的科学理解，为草地流转、畜牧产业转型升级等政策制定提供了实证依据。从制度匹配的视角，研究进一步调查了牧户社会网络形成的驱动力及其对牧户适应能力的影响，揭示了快速社会经济变化背景下动态景观中牧户社会网络形成的驱动力与结构特征，阐释了网络结构及社会-生态匹配对牧户生计适应能力构建的作用机理，从自下而上的视角推进科学理解哪些行动者、为何以及如何自组织形成协同结构并发展生计韧性，为复杂性条件下的资源治理提供了实证依据。从制度匹配的视角明确定义了一组理论支持的良好匹配的跨层级网络构件及相关过程假说；运用多级ERGM建模方法估计微观网络构件对观测的全局结构的影响，进而检验并阐释微观协同过程对全局结构形成、协同治理能力的作用。基于此，本项目为研究资源协同治理行为与结构效应提供新的框架与范式。