两个川金丝猴地理种群季节性行为模式的比较——环境因素和社群大小的影响

Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an endangered primate species with a restricted range in China. This primate species lives in a nested social system, where one-male/multi-female units and one all-male unit who reside and travel together in a large group. There is the most R. roxellana in Sichuan Province. Due to extreme natural environment and human disturbance, there is few scientific reports of R. roxellana in Sichuan. Only preliminary data have been accrued about their ecology and behaviour at here. Owing to lack of study results, conservation of the species is impacted seriously. Some data indicate that the monkey number is decreasing in Sichuan. Study on behaviour patterns of R. roxellana that is being increasingly recognized as worthy of conservation primate. Meanwhile, comparative studies have become both more frequent and more important as a means for understanding the ecology, behaviour and evolution of primates, however, there is no comparative study for two different Sichuan snub-nosed monkey group in the field in Sichuan province.The project aim at study seasonal behaviour patterns and socio-biology of two natural monkey groups which group sizes are different markedly in Minshan Mountain. The research project is subdivided into two topics: 1) natural environment, including in assessing habitat composition and quality, monitoring climate and phenology for two study sites; 2) behaviour patterns comparison, including in habitat use, daily travel distance, ranging altitude, home range size,time budgets, social organization and group size.The project will be carried out in Baihe Nature Reserve where locates in the north of Minshan Mountain and Tangjiahe Nature Reserve where locates in the east of Minshan Mountain. According to our research in 2009 to 2012, there is a great Sichuan snub-nosed monkey group (300 individuals) in Baihe Nature Reserve, and there is a small group (50 individuals) in Tangjiahe Nature Reserve. Two study groups can be directly observed much better than at other field sites, because they have become fairly well habituated, so sometimes we are able to full-day group follows. Based on behavioural and ecological data collected over the course of the field study, we can better understand seasonal behaviour patterns of Sichuan snub-nosed monkey in Minshan Mountain. We can also predict the effect of habitat capacity according to environmental data. In a summary, comparative study of behaviour patterns can provide very important information for future conservation actions of the endangered primate species.

川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）是中国特有的珍稀濒危灵长类动物。四川的川金丝猴分布广、数量多，但是缺乏系统的生态学研究。本项目，拟通过对四川岷山山系白河自然保护区内一群数量约为300只的野生川金丝猴群，以及唐家河自然保护区内一群数量约为50只的野生川金丝猴群开展栖息地质量评估，及川金丝猴的家域利用、食物组成、日活动时间分配、社群结构的季节性变化等方面的比较研究，探讨岷山山系川金丝猴的季节性活动模式，检验群居灵长类动物行为生态学的相关假说。同时，结合比较研究的结果，提高人类对该物种的科学认识，为更好地保护和管理这一珍稀物种提供科学依据。

本项目以岷山山系两个重要的川金丝猴种群为研究对象，开展了川金丝猴季节性行为模式的比较研究，得到以下主要结果：四川白河国家级自然保护区内目标川金丝猴群共282只个体，远大于四川唐家河国家级自然保护区的138只个体。两地OMU的大小差异不显著，分别为12.65±3.12只（白河）和10. 64±2.77只（唐家河）。两地的川金丝猴群均有“分离-聚合”行为。两地川金丝猴取食的种子植物分属35科，115种和34科，116种，其食谱中共有的种类有67种，并均以蔷薇科植物为最多的采食对象（>20%），但在取食比例占5~20%的种类中两地存在较大的差异。两地川金丝猴在海拔梯度、生境类型、坡位、坡度等生态变量的选择上存在较显著的差异，但在对坡向、距水源距离和乔木特征的选择上确存在较多的一致性。此外，两地的川金丝猴均有海拔垂直迁移的习性，因此，保护川金丝猴生境的完整性非常重要。唐家河和白河目标川金丝猴群全年的家域面积分别为23.96 km2和22.13 km2，并有明显的季节性变化。唐家河目标川金丝猴群冬季的家域面积为15.64 km2，是全年中最大的，而夏季的家域面积最小，仅11.56 km2。但白河目标川金丝猴群秋季的家域面积是全年中最小的，仅6 km2，而夏季的家域面积最大，为10.25 km2。两地川金丝猴在上午和下午各有一个明显的取食高峰，在中午有一个休息高峰，但两地川金丝猴的取食和其他类型活动的节律存在显著性的差异。两地川金丝猴全年在移动、取食及休息行为上的时间分配差异均不显著，仅在其他类型活动的时间分配上存在极其显著的差异，表明了岷山地区川金丝猴活动时间的分配存在共同模式和地域差异。唐家河川金丝猴适宜的生境面积达316.76Km2（占保护区总面积的79.18%），多于白河的109.76 Km2（占保护区总面积的71.04%）。海拔、距水源距离和距公路距离是影响两地川金丝猴分布的主要生态因子。唐家河自然保护区内主要的人为干扰来自旅游，并有显著的季节性。与之相比，白河自然保护区内人为干扰的类型多样，干扰强度也较大。因此，加强对白河自然保护区内人为活动的管理迫在眉睫。