秦岭川金丝猴社群分离聚合机制的研究

Multilevel society (MLS) is a complex social system composed of several polygamous One-male Units (OMU) nested in large social matrix of 100-600 individuals. During past decades, it had been supposed to only exist in gelada, hamadryas baboon, and human beings. Based on differences in pattern of organization, dispersal, and social dynamics between species, previous studies suggested that the MLS originated from a multi-male, multi-female social organization present in ancestral African papionins. However, the diversity of MLS was overlooked as that of Asian colobine has not been revealed in details previously. From recent research on social system of Golden snub-nosed monkey, it had been found that a new framework of MLS constructed of fission-fusion social components integrated at different dynamical levels of the species. However, knowledge of the social interactions among OMUs, breeding bands, all male units (AMUs), and neighboring breeding bands are limited due to the difficulties of monkeys living in large mountainous home ranges of rugged terrain or based principally short-term observation. Based on behavioral social network analysis, satellite telemetry and GIS data, this program intent to evaluate interaction of habitat ultilazation and social affinity between band, herd and troop level of social structure among nested grouping system which presents the highest level of social complexity among multilevel societies. Furthermore, combine with genetic analysis of individual dispersal between different social compoments, we will reveal the function of MLS in inbreeding avoidence and how they maintain high genetic diversity of the population by the regulation of social system. The result will answering the new 3rd pattern of MLS and the origin of multilevel societies in primates is polytypic and that the MLS of golden snub-nosed monkeys evolved from an aggregation of independent polygamous one-male units, which is ancestral for Asian colobine.

灵长类的重层社会（MLS）是由多个一夫多妻单元（OMU）作为基本单位，逐层嵌套而形成的一种复杂社会体系，是社会系统进化的高级形式，西方学者曾一度认为它仅存在于非洲的两种狒狒和早期人类社会中，并单一起源于非洲多夫多妻制社群。这是由于相关亚洲叶猴类社会组织信息的不完善。近年来对川金丝猴的研究中发现，它们的社群可能由多个繁殖、全雄分队分离聚合形成，并且显示出与其它物种完全不同的进化起源；但由于野外很难长期跟踪不同的猴群，对其具体的MLS机制仍不得而知。本项目基于GPS 项圈、GIS技术和社会网络分析相结合的方法，分析社群内各社会模块对同域栖息地的空间利用和分配，从分队、群组、社群各个层面揭示重层组织的社会亲和力。并结合遗传学手段，探究分离聚合条件下MLS结构影响个体迁移和维持种群遗传多样性的功能与机制；完整的揭示川金丝猴区别于其它灵长类独特的MLS结构，回答并证实灵长类MLS多起源进化相关理论。

川金丝猴 (Rhinopithecus roxellana) 是灵长类中少数具有重层社会体系的物种之一，其社会组织是由类似于“家庭”的一雄多雌繁殖单元 (one male unit, OMU) 作为基本单元，多个OMU单元组成繁殖群 (breeding band)；社群中没有繁殖机会的多雄个体组成全雄群 (all male unit, AMU)，繁殖群与全雄群共同组成相对稳定的社群 (herd)，多个社群组成种群 (troop)。为了阐明重层社会体系川金丝猴的社群间及社群内 (繁殖群与全雄群) 分离聚合模式及其影响因子，本研究在个体识别的基础上，基于GPS项圈技术，GIS技术和社会网络分析相结合的方法，分析社群内各社会模块对同域栖息地的空间利用和分配，从分队、群组、社群各个层面揭示重层组织的社会亲和力，明确了全雄群中小集团单元的存在、动态变化，形成的原因和机制。揭示了全雄群在自然分隔及生境破碎化的前提下，通过雄性迁移形成的基因流冲破了瓶颈效应，避免种群的衰退的作用。同时结合食物可获得性的季节性变化、食物多样性及丛聚度、捕食压力及社群雌性数量等生态变量，探究秦岭川金丝猴分离聚合的生态学机制。为研究者更好的比较旧大陆猴一夫多妻制社会组织多样性及其进化历史，了解秦岭金丝猴的社会体系打下坚实的基础，促进非人灵长类社会组织与结构进化理论的发展与完善。