大城市职住分离的测度方法、影响机制、规划干预研究

As the scale of most large cities in our country is expanding day by day, the problem is getting worse that the distance between residence place and working place is becoming further. At the same time, expansion of traffic facility cannot keep up with the increasing of the total commuter capacity. In this regard, different disciplines were concerned on this issue. There are significant limitations on measuring method of job-housing separation on previous studies. The analysis of the impact mechanism needs to be more in-depth and planning intervention mechanism is still relatively weak. This project is trying to make a breakthrough in the measuring method according to establishing the spatial connections between the population and posts distribution, as well as commuting traffic. Model variables and parameters can reflect the social, economic, traffic, location and other factors and provide the evidence for planning intervention and counter measures according to analyzing the impact mechanism starting from the housing, industry and occupation type. Through new multi-type data source, calculation and analysis will become more precision and reliable. According to the domestic planning system, it will provide new evaluation methods on the status and planning in the period of the overall and zoning planning stage and provide the supplementary advice on local standards and specifications. It will establish interactive connections between land use and transport system considering population and job density, housing and industry type. In addition to overcoming the inherent shortcomings of traditional measuring methods, the research results will extend to the impact mechanism and further serve the planning intervention. This project will not only respect the law of market economy, but also promote urban development to relatively positive direction.

国内多数大城市规模不断增大的同时，居民的居住地和工作地相对分离却日趋严重，交通设施扩容赶不上通勤总量的增长，对此，不同学科均有关注。已有研究对职住分离的测度方法存在明显局限，影响机制的分析有待深入，规划如何干预还比较薄弱。本项目试图在测度方法上有所突破，人口、岗位的空间分布和通勤交通建立紧密联系，模型的变量、参数能体现社会、经济、交通、区位等多种因素，并从住房、产业、职业类型入手，分析影响机制，为规划干预和对策提供依据。运用多种新型数据源，使计算和分析的精确性、可靠性有质的提升。按国内规划体系，将在总体、分区规划阶段，对现状、规划方案提供新的评价方法，对地方标准、规范提出补充建议，涉及人口、岗位密度，住房、产业类型，并在土地使用和交通系统之间建立互动联系。研究成果除了克服传统测度方法的缺点，将延伸至影响机制，进一步服务于规划干预。既尊重市场经济规律，又促使城市向相对良性的方向发展。

居住、工作是市民最基本的需求，居住地和工作地分离，产生通勤交通。在大城市，职住分离日趋明显，通勤交通成为交通基础设施的最大负荷来源，由此带来的交通拥堵往往被称为“大城市病”。本项目以职住分离为切入点，开展多方位研究。.（1）以手机信令数据为主，结合其他数据源，大样本量观测职住空间关系，同事也探索了大数据处理技术和方法。.（2）如何测度职住分离，方法研究取得进展。基于通勤距离的分布函数，从工作岗位估算职工居住密度，和实际居住密度相比较，来测度职住分离。和传统基于空间单元的职住比不同，新方法可以克服单元尺度、边界隔离两个关键局限性。另外，对就业中心劳动力市场腹地的识别方法也有局部改进。.（3）以上海、杭州、南宁、天津等大城市为例，分析职住空间关系特征，对土地使用、交通设施、空间布局结构、居住和就业密度、住房建设、住房价格、产业转型、土地开发时序、历史惯性等多因素做深入分析，揭示影响机制。.（4）借助空间经济学、福利经济学的一般理论，分析职住分离的形成机制，解释产生分离的成因，评价社会效果。.上述研究均和城市规划如何干预职住关系结合起来，为城市规划提供理论支撑，在尊重市场经济规律基础上，促使城市向相对良性的方向发展，防止规划盲目干预。.本项目已出版专著1部，发表期刊论文6篇，会议论文1篇。.本课题组和实验室其他同事结合，为广西省南宁市的城市规划中，将职住平衡理论指导规划实践，获得了实际效果，《南宁市职住平衡及规划对策研究》获2019年度全国优秀城市规划设计三等奖。