野生菌的长效保鲜及机理研究

China is one of the most abundant edible mushrooms resources national, accounting for more than 65% of the world total production, especially the Yunnan wild mushroom is more precious. It is the natural green food, unique flavor, rich nutrition, pharmacological effects of some wild mushroom and the treatment of cancer and various diseases. But the problem of wild mushroom is the biggest shelf-life short, perishable, the main reason is the fresh wild mushroom picking respiration and microbial infection causes, therefore research on wild bacteria preservation technology to prolong their shelf life is to solve scientific problems. Either traditional preservative methods of wild use of harmful preservatives, or deep freezing preservation, so far no preservative method is safe and non-toxic, good stability can be long-lasting and does not require cryogenic. The project intends to have discovered in recent years with the use of a low concentration of antimicrobial peptides and preservation of wild mushroom for broad-spectrum, high efficiency, specifically the antimicrobial peptides into sustained release dosage forms using biodegradable materials, while stable antibacterial peptide realize long-term preservation of wild fungus, the project will study the mechanism of preservation, antibacterial mechanism and so on, to expect to study wild mushroom a non-toxic, safe new long-acting, food quality and good taste not deep freezing preservation techniques.

我国是世界上食用菌资源最丰富的国家之一，占世界总产量的65％以上，特别是云南野生菌更是珍贵的天然绿色食品，风味独特，营养丰富，有的野生菌还有治疗癌症和多种疾病的药理作用,但野生菌最大的问题就是保质期短，容易腐烂变质，主要原因是新鲜野生菌采摘后呼吸作用及微生物感染等导致，因此研究野生菌的保鲜技术以延长其货架寿命是有待解决的科学问题。传统野生菌的保鲜方法要么使用有害健康的防腐剂，要么进行深冻保鲜，可以长效且不需要深冷的安全无毒、稳定性好的防腐保鲜方法鲜见文献报道。项目拟把近年来发现的具有广谱、高效及使用浓度低的抗菌肽用于野生菌保鲜研究，具体是把抗菌肽用生物降解材料做成缓释剂型，在稳定抗菌肽的同时实现对野生菌的长效保鲜，项目将对保鲜机理、抑菌机制等进行研究，以期望能研究出一种崭新的安全无毒、长效、食品品质和风味俱佳的野生菌非深冻保鲜新技术。

本研究研究用生物材料负载后的抗菌肽缓释剂型来研究野生菌的长效保鲜，通过载体材料的结构及性能设计达到解决抗菌肽稳定性、安全性、长效释放问题。运用交酯、氧酸酐及氮酸酐的开环聚合研究了多种可降解载体材料研究研究，具体是聚乳酸-聚氨基酸共聚物、四臂聚乙二醇-聚乳酸共聚物、聚乳酸-聚扁桃酸共聚物、聚乙二醇-聚扁桃酸共聚物的合成。成功地制备出亲水疏水性及分子量可调的两亲性材料，制备出带功能基团的可降解新材料，可满足长效食品保鲜剂及药物控制释放对新型载体材料的要求。把上述制备的材料选择分子量在2000-20000，用来负载抗菌肽，抗菌肽选择的是BF-30，用双乳液（W1/O/W2）体系制备微球长效保鲜剂，制备好的微球分别以松茸、鸡枞及牛肝菌为研究对象，进行了保鲜实验，通常新鲜野生菌的货架期在2-5天，通过研究，运用抗菌肽长效缓释剂型，成功地把野生菌货架期延长到25-30天。运用气调保鲜技术和低温储藏对野生菌进行保鲜研究。采取聚己内酯-聚乳酸复合材料共混成膜，研究结果成功地把野生菌货架期延长到18天。进一步研究有望进行产业化推广应用。