基于社会规范与行为视角的生态系统服务付费：理论、实验与应用

As a new tool for natural resource management based on fiscal incentives, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) has been paid more and more attention. PES is not only a means of market payment, its purpose is to reduce the people's environmental impact by shaping the behavior of people. The theory of "Social Norms and Behavior" which based on the behavioral science, psychology and experimental economics, was introduced into the PES study and the mentality, attitude and behavior of the providers of ecosystem service was also included in our analytical framework to rethink the behavior basis of PES policy. The project initiated not only by the private, voluntary commodity market, but also through the collective way of government guidance, non-economic motivation to stimulate people’s incentive to protect the environment. Taking the construction of experimental area for Ecological Civilization in Fujian Province as an example, the project intends to design and improve the PES mechanism in China based on the theory of Behavioral Economics and to evaluate its actual effect with the method of field experiment. Furthermore, the project will also analyze the different results of environmental protection induced by the interaction of stakeholders’ behavior under different policy design. Based on the experimental research, this project will establish practice guidelines, standards, sample database, and best practice model according to the perspective of "evidence-based practice", and provide a scientific research support for the design, implementation and promotion of PES projects. Meanwhile, an overall evaluation framework and experience reference also provided for the market-oriented development of the ecological compensation experiments in China.

作为以财政激励为基础的新兴自然资源管理工具，生态系统服务付费（PES）日益受到广泛关注，其目的是通过型塑人的行为降低对环境的破坏性影响而不仅仅是一种市场支付手段。本项目将基于行为科学、心理科学和实验经济学的“社会规范与行为”理论引入PES领域，将生态服务提供者的心理、态度和行为纳入分析框架，倡导不仅通过私人、自愿的商品市场，更要通过政府引导的、集体的途径和重视非经济的服务等激励方式激发人们保护环境的内在动机。项目拟以福建生态文明试验区建设为范本，探索应用行为经济理论设计改进我国的PES机制，并应用田野实验等方法评估其实际效果，分析不同的政策设计下，利益主体行为的互动反应及所达成的资源保护结果。在实验基础上，根据“循证实践”的视角，建立实践指南、标准、数据库和最佳实践范本，为我国PES的设计、实施与推广提供系统的研究依据，也为我国生态补偿机制试点的市场化发展提供一个整体的评估框架和经验借鉴。

作为一种以财政激励为基础的新兴自然资源管理工具，生态系统服务付费（PES）在世界各国得到了广泛运用，其作为一种短期的财政激励手段也已经引起国际学术界的关注。如何将保护生态系统的行为固化为一种更加长期的社会行为？如果PES 仅仅被理解为一种市场支付手段，对其所“嵌入”的集体行动、社区生计和社会结构缺乏深入和持续影响的认识，很可能导致短期效应或流于形式。伴随着这股对PES 反思与批评的潮流，已有众多文献分析了此类实践的成败，学界话语中日渐孕育出推动PES 研究范式转型的力量。本项目系统梳理了PES 兴起的背景与发展概况，对PES 在全球实践与影响的相关文献进行了综述，就学界对PES 的存疑展开反思与批评，分析PES 机制的缺陷及其产生的原因。在此基础上，从政治因素、经济因素和社会因素阐述PES 从经济激励转变为规范导引的原因与必要性，分析PES 研究转型在理论和方法上的进展以及实践上的成功案例，探讨如何从社会与心理层面重构PES 的经济和社会目标。最后从理论与实践层面分别总结PES 研究转型对我国生态文明政策实践的价值和启示。