尺系·手风·匠派·形制——泛江南地域乡土建筑营造技艺的整体性研究

Vernacular architecture in the greater Jiangnan region, which has inherited the building craft that dates back to Tang and Song dynasties, has been under the threat of vanishing in the process of modernization. To tackle this problem, the research seeks to delineate the system and characters of the vernacular building construction at the macro level, focusing on forming a systematic analyzing model particularly from the craftsmen's perspective, with craftsmen's ideas and techniques as the clues. The research is divided into three parts. The first is aimed at outlining the holistic building construction system of greater Jiangnan region, through firstly investigating the scale and geometry, apprenticeship and schools, genre and styles, characters and patterns, etc. of the vernacular buildings; secondly examining the differences among vernacular building construction, constructing the zoning classification and investigating its distribution and impacts. The primary methods include on-site surveys, interviews with craftsmen and data analysis. The second part is intended to compare in details the patterns and crafts between the greater Jiangnan region and the adjacent Min, Yue and Chuan regions, finalized to a better understanding of their relationship and historical development. The third part concentrates on the building construction manual classics such as lu ban ying zao zheng shi and ying zao fa yuan, aiming for a deeper insight into the building tradition of South China. The principle methods of this part are archival studies combined with on-site surveys. It is meant to reveal the underlying association between the Southern vernacular architecture and the Northern official counterpart. It also intended to further trace the communication and development of building crafts since Tang and Song dynasties, for a new cognitive depth of architecture of Southern China. As thus, it is evident from the above proposal that this research project will not only contribute to the conservation of the building crafts as intangible heritage, but also to the preservation of the authenticity of surviving vernacular buildings.

承袭较多唐宋以来营造技艺并富含古风的泛江南地域乡土建筑，在现代化进程中正走向衰微。本题拟从更宏观的层面探求该区域乡土建筑营造技艺的体系与特征，重点从营造主体的视角，以匠意、匠技等线索尝试建立营造技艺系统的解析模型。横向上，通过现场考察、匠人访谈和营造数据积累，梳理其尺系尺法、匠习手风、匠技流派、形制风格等，甄别乡土营造技艺间的异同，建构区划类别，探讨其分布范围和影响程度等，进而廓清其整体的营造体系；细致比较与周边闽粤川等地域乡土建筑形制和营造技艺特色，探研其历史传承和渊源关系。纵向上，文献研究和田野实证相结合，解读《鲁班营造正式》《营造法原》等典籍所承载的南方乡土建筑的营造技艺，揭示其与北方官式建筑的深层关联；进而还可探讨唐宋以来南方建筑的技术形态，廛清历史上其营造技艺的交流和发展状况，推进对南方建筑的认知深度。本题不仅有助于抢救泛江南地域濒危的传统营造技艺，还利于乡土建筑本身的真实性保护

泛江南地域乡土建筑，承袭了较多唐宋以降营造技艺，富含古风，是珍贵的建筑文化遗产。在当下现代化进程中正走向衰微,急需科研人员深入实践，积极抢救。这一领域本身也是建筑历史研究中的薄弱环节，本选题有填空补白的作用。. 本项目主要关注了“乡土建筑营造技艺的构成与解析系统”、“泛江南地域乡土建筑的营造谱系与区划”、“南方乡土建筑营造技艺和北方官式建筑、以及民间营造典籍的的关联与影响”等几个关键问题，并在以下三个方面取得重要的进展和成果：. 一是通过实证性的研究，广泛收集资料和实地调查，利用课题组自己建立的大量的数据库资料，明确指出了五代以后的尺系存在和发展的大致规律，辨明了吴尺、浙尺、淮尺、闽尺、粤尺等南方地域尺系系统，并深入探讨了其用尺范围、方式、特色和影响分布范围，进而提出尺系规律和营造技艺的关联性。这在建筑历史与理论领域是一个重要的创新性成果。历时性上，能为以后乡土建筑区域营造技艺的特色研究和历史发展深化贡献基础；共时性上，通过尺系划分和匠派划分的联系性认识，结合一些手风技艺、建筑形制等，可为以后乡土营造的谱系和区划研究，提供一些具体的科学依据依据和支撑。. 二是在方法论上，最终摒弃先入为主的以“语言学”或“形态学”等前人成果预先设定区域划分范围的方法，创新地提出了以“文化类型”结合传统营造中相关的“尺系、匠派、手风和形制”等营造技艺特色的，以营造主体（工匠）和传统“营造学”为基本视角的，深度关注历史上文化传播的技艺路线（如移民带来匠艺传播等）影响的，跨学科的、全新区划研究方法，以确保对传统营造真实性把握和系统性把握，并以此为依据确立了具体区划范围。. 三是通过工匠口语等匠作语言的地域性分析，结合文献和实物、实证等，深入探讨了南方地域乡土营造技艺和《鲁班营造正式》、《营造法原》乃至《营造江式》等营造典籍所载的技术内容的关联性，使我们对南方乡土建筑营造技艺的整体和深度上的认知大大迈进了一步。