知识共同体视阈下互联网众筹多边治理机制及其计算实验

In the practice of Internet Crowdfunding driven by the trend of democratizing innovation, geeks, entrepreneurs and the crowdfunding platform constitute the open cooperative “knowledge community”. However, the knowledge activities in crowdfunding is marked by the specificity, tacitness, and externality, which may lead to a host of opportunistic behaviors. Taking the “knowledge characteristics” and “governance structures” into account, a whole-process governance framework based on the equilibriums of multilateral games is proposed. Firstly, from the perspective of pre-contractual governance, by introducing the “differential compensation” and the “access theory”, a pre-contractual incentive model is established, by which the entrepreneurs motivate the geeks to invest their specific knowledge. Secondly, from the perspective of post-contractual governance, based on the “two-stage payment” and the “tournament theory”, a post-contractual output distribution mechanism is designed, by which the geeks make sure the entrepreneurs strive to provide the agreed knowledge production. Thirdly, from the perspective of intermediary governance, a two-sided market model of the crowdfunding knowledge community is established, in which the platform employ the pricing structure to correct the knowledge market failure caused by the multi-dimension externality. Finally, we develop a bounded rationality model of computational experiment, and implement the mode on the Repast platform in order to verify and extend the theoretical modeling results. This study helps to understand the rules of individuals’ knowledge behavior under the emerging internet economy, and explore the institutional foundations for open innovation oriented knowledge collaboration on internet platforms.

在创新民主化浪潮下的互联网众筹实践中，极客群体、创客群体和众筹平台构成了开放式创新导向的“知识共同体”。然而，众筹过程中知识投入的“专用性”、知识成果的“默会性”和知识活动的“外部性”却将引致复杂的机会主义行为风险。本项目立足“知识特性”与“治理结构”相融合的治理新思路，提出一个多边博弈均衡下的全流程治理逻辑框架。从事前治理视角，研究创客如何以“差异化回报”和“进入权”为契约机制，提升极客在众筹项目中的事前知识投资水平；从事后治理视角，研究极客如何以“阶段性支付”和“锦标赛”为激励手段，确保创客努力提供约定的知识产品；从中介治理视角，研究平台如何制定合理的双边价格结构，解决多维度外部性导致的知识市场失灵问题。最后，拟基于Repast平台构建计算实验模型，在有限理性条件下对研究结论进行检验和拓展。本研究有助于深入把握新经济背景下微观知识个体行为规律，探索互联网平台开放式知识协作的制度基础。

在“大众创业，万众创新”的社会氛围下，立足于对接“创新产品”与“草根粉丝”的互联网众筹得到了迅猛发展。在互联网众筹实践中, 如何对众筹产品进行合理定价是发起人需解决的首要问题。同时，作为一类新兴的群体投资实践，众筹中参与个体通常具有“能力较低、差异较大”特点，如何提高群体决策效率是投资人亟待解决的治理挑战。最后，互联网众筹以创新产品为纽带构建了兴趣导向的知识社群，极客群体和创客群体在众筹社群中进行紧密的知识交换与互动，如何提高社群知识协作效率成为有意义的研究问题。.本项目主要围绕三个方面展开研究：.第一，研究互联网众筹的产品定价机制。基于群体信息交互特性刻画众筹社群学习机制,进而构建模型分别考察消费者决策行为与发起人两阶段定价策略。研究发现：社群学习效果与社群规模、社群活跃度以及社群交互效率呈正相关关系；消费者购买决策受到耐心程度、体验价值与定价策略的影响,其众筹参与意愿与社群活跃度和社群交互效率呈负相关；不存在社群学习时发起人一定采用“先高后低”的撇脂定价策略，存在社群学习情境下的发起人可能倾向采用“先低后高”的渗透定价策略。.第二，研究互联网众筹的群体决策机制。基于众筹投资的“草根性”、“民主性”和“多重性”等特征，将众筹群体决策过程抽象为“独立决策”、“信念聚合”和“共识涌现”三个重要阶段。引入计算实验方法进行建模分析，研究发现：个体认知异质性和群体共识形成机制是决定众筹群体决策效率的关键因素。众筹融资阈值的“筛选效应”有利于投资人群体实现“优中选优”的效果，且融资阈值（即共识门槛）越高筛选效果越好；因此从投资人视角，采用AON机制总是优于KIA机制。.第三，研究互联网众筹的知识协作机制。利用计算实验方法，研究众筹社群中知识社交机制、社群关系结构和社群知识协作之间的关系。研究发现：知识社交机制决定社群关系结构，进而影响社群知识协作。随机知识社交机制最利于社群知识存量和社群学习能力提高，流行知识社交机制最利于社群创新能力提高；社群关系分布的均匀性与社群知识存量、社群学习能力正相关，与社群创新能力负相关；在社群内部,个体关系广度与个体知识存量、个体学习能力正相关，与个体创新能力负相关。