寻找缩小我国居民收入差距的最有效手段

Income inequality has been receiving the most attention in China, and Chinese government faces big challenge of alleviating the income gap now. How to achieve this most efficiently and effectively, however, remains unanswered. This proposed study is designed to target at this issue. In order to achieve this goal, we choose comparison between China and OECD countries. This methodology is feasible, as income distribution have something in common among countries and strongly related to stage of economic development. Our preliminary work has shown that, source of significant wider inequality compared to OECD countries is that role of redistributive policies in China are much weaker in China than in OECD countries. However, extent of inequality due to market sources such as education, gender and so on is very similar between China and OECD countries. This has very important implication, which means redistributive policies are the most effective tools, maybe the only tool, that will be able to reduce higher income gas that China is facing now. Taking this finding as starting point, this study plan to different functioning of redistributive policies, such as personal income tax, Dibao, pension program and so on, and their relative advantage and disadvantage of these policies, with the final goal of finding out the best tool or the best combination of the tools to alleviate the income inequality in China.

当今的我国，收入分配不平等的问题之严峻，公众关注度之广泛，决策者解决问题愿望之急切，已经没有强调的必要性。眼下的问题是：如何才能有效地缩小目前我国居民收入差距？对于这一问题，以往并未给出令人满意的答案。本课题把研究目标直接瞄准缩小收入差距的政策工具，以求找到最有效的政策工具。我们的初步测算和比较显示，我国居民收入差距之所以显著高于OECD国家，完全因政府收入再分配政策的调节力度不足所致，在由市场因素决定的收入差距上，我国和OECD国家之间大致相同。因此为出发点，本课题计划测算我国个人所得税、低保、养老保险、医疗保险、扶贫等收入再分配手段的收入分配效应，把其与OECD进行比较，并从理论的角度考察不同政策工具在调节收入差距上的机理和相对优势，最终找到最有效缩小目前我国居民收入差距的政策工具或政策工具组合。我们将重新思考城乡分割、行业垄断、初次分配领域居民份额等问题的含义。

当今的我国，收入分配不平等的问题之严峻，公众关注度之广泛，决策者解决问题愿望之急切，已经没有强调的必要性。眼下的问题是：如何才能有效地缩小目前我国居民收入差距？对于这一问题，以往并未给出令人满意的答案。本课题把研究目标直接瞄准缩小收入差距的政策工具，以求找到最有效的政策工具。研究结果显示，我国居民收入差距之所以显著高于OECD国家，完全因政府收入再分配政策的调节力度不足所致，在由市场因素决定的收入差距上，我国和OECD国家之间大致相同。本课题采用总收入基尼系数随补贴增加而形成的路径曲线，同时配合最小基尼系数曲线，来全面地考察我国政府收入再分配政策效应。研究发现，我国社会保障支出能够起到缩小收入差距的作用，但其再分配效率不足，且补贴已经超过基尼系数路径曲线的转折点，简单增加补贴规模反而会扩大基尼系数，通过调整补贴的分布可进一步降低居民总收入的基尼系数。具体而言，各项再分配政策工具中，离退休金、报销医疗费以及城镇居民养老保险规模的进一步增加将扩大收入差距。而低保、农村居民养老金、惠农补贴的增加将缓解收入不平等。