基于微气候参数化模型的东北住区适老景观环境优化研究

In the background of our aging society and home-based care for the aged model, the subject concerns the huge environmental problems of the residential outside area for the aged groups in Chinese Northeast. Owing to the long and cold winter, the aged in Northeast have the habits and customs of special geographical characteristics, and the entire residential environment presents special requirements. Started with microclimate topics from building residential colony formation and based on the theory of biometeorology , the frequency of the activity in different seasons of the aged and the microclimate models superimpose through parametric design process and the use of low-technology landscape means, whenever necessary co-ordination consider the old fitness landscape environment of residential area. First, to enhance environmental comfort, combined with active periods of the aged, the older areas avoid high-rise wind, and permanent shadow of the sun and other adverse effects, as to be optimized the wind-light-heat environment through rational planning of microclimate models. Second, to rich the behavior of the aged in Northeast, microclimate environment suitable for plant growth is researched to set public farming field for the needs of outdoor workspace, where the agricultural landscape can be designed to integrate with the residential landscape. Third, to coordinate the environmental impact, the research of sound barrier technology by means of acoustic simulation acquires rational planning of the activity field of noise and excitement like square dance, and reduces the impact of major events on the residential environment. This research proposes a deep optimization for landscape environment of the Northeast residential area from accommodating and supporting, to adapting and enjoying to the aged.

在我国步入老龄化社会与居家养老模式为主的背景下，课题关注东北地区庞大老年群体的住区外环境问题。东北地区冬季漫长寒冷，东北老年人具有地域特色的生活习惯和习俗，都对住区环境提出了特殊要求。课题从住宅群体建筑形成的微气候入手，基于生物气象学理论，将不同季节老年人的活动频度与微气候模型叠加，通过参数化设计过程，运用景观低技术手段，因时制宜的统筹考虑住区景观环境的适老性。一是提升环境舒适度，结合老年人的活动时段与活动类型，通过微气候模型合理规划老年人的活动场地，避免高层风、永久日影等不利影响，优化风光热环境。二是丰富老年人的行为，研究适合植物生长的微气候环境设置公共农耕场地，满足东北老年人对户外劳动空间的需求，形成农业景观，与住区景观融为一体。三是协调环境影响，通过声学模拟，研究声屏障技术，合理规划广场舞等喧闹型活动场地，降低这类场地的影响。实现东北住区景观环境从容老、养老到适老、乐老的深层次优化。

课题主要研究了我国东北地区，特别是沈阳市的居住区景观环境。课题中研究对象的居住区主要是规划层面的居住小区，主要研究了沈阳市中大量存在的，老年人口居住比例较高的开放式老旧居住区，选择了沈阳市各不同行政区内的十二个居住区作为调研对象，跟踪调研了不同季节老年人室外活动情况、户外行为路线，研究通过景观要素的调整让居住区景观环境更加适合本地区老年人的生理心理需要，结合东北地区严寒气候特点和东北地区老年人生活习惯、习俗，促进老年人的身心健康。选择了沈阳市一具有代表性的居住小区作为研究对象，通过计算机技术模拟住区微气候环境，建立参数化模型，精确量化实现适老景观环境的位控与质控，并进一步研究相关的景观实施技术。通过对老年人群体的实地调查和反馈，结合寒地尤其是东北老年人的生活习惯，基于老年人生理及心理的环境承受力，形成一套老年人环境承受力的指标区间，并形成数字化的评价模型。其次，针对沈阳高密度老旧住区环境与寒冷气候特点，从计算机全信息模拟数值技术和实践调研入手——通过对计算机全信息微气候环境模拟，结合老年人生理需求和心理需求的特殊性，以此来有的放矢的住区景观环境的适老化标准。计算机信息模拟的研究主要是分析评价住区景观光环境、风环境的适老化程度，并结合实验与实地评测提出改造措施，探索了寒地住区景观环境适老化的量化评价标准和适合老年人的住区运动环境、休闲环境、劳动环境、交往环境、审美环境、娱乐环境的分项与综合评价体系与设计改造手段。