基于城市空间网络分析技术的地标性大型公共建筑空间分布研究

Lots of the large-scale public buildings tend to be designed as city landmarks in the rapid urbanization process in China, which is well known as "landmark hot". In practice, some of these large-scale public landmark buildings are positioned arbitrarily in the city, which makes some problems, such as the mismatching between the landmark buildings and the requirements of city functions, the lack of enough connections between the landmarks and the people's cognitive activities, and the absence of necessary financial feasibilities in property developments. Hence, it is planned to introduce the urban spatial network analysis techniques and methodologies in this research project on the spatial distribution of large-scale public landmark buildings. Supported by GIS and the computer aided quantitative analysis techniques in spatial centrality, this project tries to disclose the quantitative rules of the relationships between the spatial distribution of large-scale public landmark buildings and the three main influential facts, viz.the ability of the building's functional service, the importance of the building in the people's cognitive activities, and the commercial value of the building. On the basis of that and as another aim, a set of scientific and effective methods, supported by the urban spatial network analysis techniques, used in forecasting, checking, controlling and guiding the spatial positions of large-scale public landmark buildings is explored. There are both theoretical value in urban form research and practical value in urban planning and design of this project. The main research contents are as follows: 1) the relationship between the urban spatial network and the attributes relevant to the spatial positions of the large-scale public landmark buildings; 2) the investigations of the spatial distributions of the large-scale public landmark buildings in case-study cities; 3) to characterize the main influential facts quantitatively, viz. the ability of the building's functional services, the importance of the building in the people's cognitive activities, and commercial value of the spatial positions of the large-scale public landmark buildings, with three different network centrality indexes weighted by the attributes chosen; 4) the quantitative rules of the relationships between the three influential facts and the spatial distribution of the large-scale public landmark buildings; and 5) the methods and techniques used in forecasting, checking, controlling and guiding the spatial positions of large-scale public landmark buildings.

我国快速城市化进程中出现了"地标热"现象。但是，地标性大型公共建筑选址随意，造成其与城市功能服务要求不匹配、与空间认知活动的关联性不够、对经济可行性考虑不足等问题。针对这一现象，本课题运用城市空间网络分析技术对地标性大型公建空间布点进行研究，通过依托GIS平台的空间中心性量化分析，意在揭示此类建筑布点与其功能服务能力、活动感知作用、商业价值等属性之间量化的关系规律；并探索运用该技术进行地标建筑布点预测、校核、导控的方法，具有空间形态研究方面的理论探索意义和实践中的应用价值。课题核心研究内容包括：地标性大型公建布点的相关属性及其与城市空间网络的关系解析；案例城市地标性大型公建布点的状态调查；地标建筑所处位置功能服务能力、活动感知作用、商业价值的空间中心性量化表征；地标性大型公建空间布点与其功能服务、活动感知、商业价值间的量化关系规律；以及空间网络分析技术支撑的地标性大型公建布点控制引导方法。

在我国的城镇化进程中，追求建筑的地标性成为一种潮流，出现了“地标热”现象。但是，一些地标性大型公共建筑选址随意，造成其与空间认知、城市功能、经济可行性等城市层面的要求脱节。针对这一现象，本课题引入空间网络中心性分析技术，在现场调查的基础上，对地标建筑的空间分布规律进行研究，旨在为相关的城市设计及其导控提供科学支撑。课题的主要研究内容和结果包括：1）理论研究。对空间网络中心性理论方法的综述，包括近20种指标、3种典型工具及其主要的应用领域等。2）现场调查。对近10个案例城市进行现场调查，建立了地标建筑数据库和空间网络GIS模型；3）案例研究。在不同空间层次上，对南京、新加坡、青岛、海宁、南京中心区、黟县西递村等案例进行研究，选用多种参数下的中间性、联系度、可达范围等中心性指标对城市中不同地点在空间认知、功能联系和商业价值等方面的地位进行表征计算；并将地标建筑分布资料与计算结果进行比对，归纳其中的关联性，从景观评价、文化意义、地理环境、开发建设等角度对差异性和特例进行解释。作为结论，得出城市级、片区级和传统村落地标建筑分布的影响因素和相关中心性参数，验证并初步揭示了地标建筑分布与城市功能、空间认知、经济价值等多种深层结构的关系。4）城市设计实践应用。对新加坡高层建筑集中区地标建筑的城市设计控制与中心性之间的关系进行了归纳，并在相关城市设计工程实践中对课题取得的部分研究成果进行了初步实践应用。本课题是国内较早对空间网络中心性分析进行系统引介和应用的研究之一，其主要结论证明了建筑地标意象不仅仅与外观相关，初步阐明了地标建筑分布与基于空间网络的深层结构的关系，在城市空间形态研究的方法论、认识论方面具有一定的探索意义。课题所建立的分析框架和地标建筑空间分布的中心性特征数据，可以在相关城市设计中为地标布点预测、方案优选校核、高度和造型导控等提供科学支撑，具有一定的应用前景。