城乡“推拉力”变革与农业转移人口市民化路径的适应性调整——基于城乡户籍家庭的视角

Since 2014, the primary goal of China’s recent urbanisation plan has been to promote an integrated urban and rural development. This policy has brought fundamental changes to the “push-pull dynamics” in Chinese rural-urban migrants’ settlement decision. On the one hand, a decrease of push factors has emerged. As China has seen significant developments in its rural land market, rural-urban migrants have been aware of the increasing value of their farmland and rural housing land, and have started to consider ‘hukou transfer’ as a loss of a lifelong right to access profits from rural areas. On the other hand, the pull factors from the cities have also decreased. As the gap in social security supply between rural and urban areas has gradually been reduced, to abstain local non-agricultural hukou has no longer been the precondition for migrants to access the basic urban welfare of their destination cities. In general, non-agricultural hukou has been relatively less attractive for rural-urban migrants, although a local non-agricultural hukou is still necessary for migrants to obtain complete housing rights and education rights in their destination cities. Consequently, there have been an increasing number of rural-urban migrants that refuse to give up their rural identity (the agricultural hukou) to gain the urban identity (the non-agricultural hukou). ..Researchers have put efforts into understanding migrants’ adaptation to the current push-pull dynamics. However, little research has examined a specific adaptation, the formation of the dual-hukou families. With this family adaptive strategy, the rural spouse maintains his/her agricultural hukou and his/her rural assets turn to be the external sources of the family; the urban spouse makes use of his/her local non-agricultural hukou to help the family accessing public housing and make sure that their children could enter good local schools. In recent years, there has been an increase of the dual-hukou families in Chinese cities. In Shanghai and Beijing, over 20% of the newly married couples have been the dual-hukou couples. The understanding of the dual-hukou families helps us to explore how rural-urban migrants have changed their ways to settle in the cities in order to maximize the opportunities and resources of the families. ..Therefore, the project intends to examine the emergence and development of the dual-hukou families in China. The project addresses the following questions: what have been the spatial patterns of the dual-hukou families in China? How have the social-economic policies of the cities influenced the spatial patterns of the dual-hukou families? How have the social-economic policies of both the cities and villages influenced the number of the dual-hukou families? Have the strategy of forming the dual-hukou helped migrants to gain more income, to reduce their difficulties in children’s education, and to improve their housing conditions? Have the idea of dual-hukou family been a favourable family adaptive strategy among rural-urban migrants? Would more migrants join in the group of dual-hukou families? What long-term plans have migrant families made for this family adaptive strategy? What are the factors that relate to the plans? What does the strategy mean for rural-urban migrants?..If we treat a family as a whole, the dual-hukou family shares similarities with the phenomenon of dual-citizenship. Dual citizenship reflects the ways in which people use multiple citizenships to navigate transnational geographies for securing lifestyles and maximizing potential opportunities in a dynamic interconnected world. Theories of transnationalism, dual-citizenship and flexible citizenship will be applied in this study. The results extend our knowledge of logics of migrant’s life, like the logics of capital accumulation, risk control, etc. The results help us to understand how migrants use their citizenship(s) to deal with the institutional changes.

近年来我国农业转移人口呈现出较低的市民化意愿和对城乡资源“两边都想兼顾”的诉求，市民化政策推进遭遇瓶颈，引发各界关注。然而，已有研究多聚焦终端讨论，即是否市民化，对市民化过程中的复杂现象认知不足。这当中，农业转移人口以家庭成员“跨户籍”的模式，即农业户口+本地非农户口，维持一种介于“事实市民化”与“户籍市民化”的过渡状态，以实现家庭利益最大化和风险最小化的现象，尚待关注。实际上，家庭的“跨户籍”实践，正反映了农业转移人口对当前城乡“推拉力”格局变化的适应。对该现象的解读有利于制定更有针对性的市民化政策和同步推行乡村振兴战略与新型城镇化战略。本项目以城乡户籍家庭为研究载体，运用“推拉”理论、跨国主义与双重公民权理论，对城乡户籍家庭的空间格局、形成影响因素、产生的家庭效应、和从农业转移人口到城乡户籍家庭再到户籍市民化的发展过程展开定量解读；并对“跨户籍”策略对家庭整体和各成员的意义进行定性解析

如何推动农业转移人口跨越事实市民化到制度市民化鸿沟，如何提高农业转移人口市民化质量，成为现阶段推动新型城镇化的重要议题。本项目围绕以上议题，深入解析近年来农业转移人口通过构建跨城乡户籍家庭，实现对城乡资源“两边都想兼顾”的诉求，回避完成制度市民化的整个决策过程及其影响，以及探讨如何从社会融入的角度提高农业转移人口市民化质量。项目按照计划顺利开展，运用统计数据、微观调查数据和田野访谈数据完成了多个研究内容，包括：1）解析了农业转移人口家庭户籍结构演化特征并分析了跨城乡户籍家庭在全国的空间分布特征；2）基于跨国主义和实用主义理论分析了农业转移人口家庭的跨城乡户籍行为策略；3）基于跨国主义和定居理论探究了跨城乡户籍行为对农业转移人口家庭市民化意愿的影响；4）基于跨国主义和社会融入理论探究了跨城乡户籍行为对有市民化意愿流动人口家庭地方感的影响；5）基于组间交互理论研究了本地户籍人口对流动人口群体的态度对于农业转移人口市民化决策的影响；6）基于组间交互理论探究了流动人口在多个尺度的群体特征对于本地户籍人口形成对流动人口态度的影响；7）探究了女性流动人口在家乡和城市不同尺度寻找家园感的路径；8）分析了农业转移人口买房实现长期定居的过程中家庭秩序的重要作用；等等。项目的主要贡献包括：首次引入并本土化跨国主义和实用主义对中国流动人口进行研究，首次将市民化的研究视角转移到本地户籍人口表述态度，搭建了家乡与城市双地域多维度的模型对流动人口市民化相关问题展开探讨。研究结论深刻反应了农业户口对于农业转移人口的“保护”作用，农业转移人口市民化决策中实用主义和规避风险意识的重要地位，发掘了流入城市特征和个体特征在市民化决策中不同的调节作用。研究成果丰富，产生了一定的社会和学界影响；执行过程中国内外交流充分，搭建了很好的合作平台；成功培养了优秀的年轻教师与学生，达到并突破了既定的研究目标。