农业文化遗产旅游地农户生计变迁与农地利用行为演变研究

The concept of agri-cultural heritage originates from a program known as ‘Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System’ (GIAHS) initiated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2002. This special type of heritage need to be protected based on production and life of local farmers, and well maintenance of traditional agricultural production is the key to protect agri-cultural heritage. However, diversification of livelihood activities has an important impact on traditional agricultural production with the rapid development of social economy and the increase of farm labor opportunity cost. The gap between local livelihood development and traditional agricultural production has become the core issue of heritage protection. Tourism is considered to be an useful path to bridge the gap, while the actual effect is not clear yet. This study will reveal the practical change of local livelihoods and its impact on traditional agricultural production in the context of tourism development. Following the theory of man-earth relationship, this study takes interaction of farmer and farmland in tourism destination as the core content. There are four parts in this study: changing process, current status, evolution mechanism and readjusting countermeasures. On the basis of understanding the context of tourism development in agri-cultural heritage sites, the changing process of local livelihoods and land use behaviors will be firstly described. Next, characteristics of current status and the coupling relationship between farmer's livelihoods and agricultural land use behaviors will be revealed in this study. Furthermore, the effect factors and evolution mechanism of farmer's livelihoods and agricultural land use behaviors will be analyzed, and then readjusting countermeasures will be put forward. This study will extend the depth and breadth of tourism study research and also will deepen the understanding of the evolution and evolution mechanism in tourism destination. In the meanwhile, this study will accelerate the dynamic protection of agri-cultural heritage and the sustainable development of heritage tourism destinations.

传统农业生产得以良好维持是农业文化遗产保护的关键，现代社会经济背景下农户生计多样化与维持传统农业生产之间的矛盾成为遗产保护的核心问题，旅游发展被认为是弥合二者关系的有效路径。遗产旅游地农户生计变迁与农地利用行为演变问题的研究，将揭示旅游发展下农户生计的变化及其对传统农业生产的影响。遵循人地关系理论思想，以旅游地“农户—农地”相互作用为研究重点，以“演变过程—分化格局—演变机制—调控优化”为研究脉络，在把握案例地旅游发展及社区参与演进特征的基础上，调查分析农户生计与农地利用行为的演变过程与历时变化，考察经演化而形成的分化格局、差异特征及耦合关系，揭示旅游发展的影响效应与作用路径，剖析遗产旅游地农户生计与农地利用行为的演变机制，提出旅游影响的调控方向与对策。本课题可丰富旅游地理学的理论内涵与研究领域，促进农业文化遗产动态保护与遗产地旅游可持续发展。

农业文化遗产须基于农民的生产生活实现活态的传承，外出务工等生计非农化现象正对遗产保护构成潜在威胁，农户生计多样化与维持传统农业生产之间的矛盾是当前遗产保护面临的核心问题。本项目以哈尼梯田、兴化垛田为案例地，以农户生计与农地利用的相互作用为研究重点，从演变过程、分化格局、演变机制、调控策略四个方面有序开展研究，以揭示旅游发展环境下农户生计变化对农业生产的影响，并从中探寻旅游在弥合农户生计发展与遗产保护传承矛盾方面的效应、机理及路径。经过课题组三年的努力，在农业文化遗产旅游地农户生计与农地利用行为互动关系、旅游发展与遗产保护相互影响、旅游影响效应诊断、旅游影响作用路径等方面取得了丰富的研究成果。首先，采用历时性视角，调查农户在旅游开发前后农户生计与农地利用行为的状况，采用阶段性对比方法描述了旅游开发前后农户生计与农地利用行为的历时性演变及其特征；其次，根据案例地农户生计分化现象，将农户生计活动划分为多种类型，在阐述不同类型农户生计及农地利用行为特征的基础上，考察农户生计发展与农地利用行为之间的耦合协调关系及发展趋向；再者，采用访谈法、参与式观察、扎根理论等多种方法，分别建构农户生计、农地利用行为的影响机制模型，并从中剖析农户生计与农地利用的互动演变机制；最后，根据一系列理论分析与实证研究结果，构建包含风险警示、适宜路径、可操作性策略等内容的调控路径与策略内容，以助推农业文化遗产动态保护、旅游可持续发展以及农户生计可持续。项目不仅完成预设的研究内容与任务目标，还在劳动力流动、传统节事变迁、膳食结构演变等方面形成了后续的延伸与拓展，未来将进一步深化相关领域内容的微观实证与理论建构。