葫芦河流域新石器-青铜时代（6-3ka BP）木炭化石记录的林木资源组成及利用状况研究

The relationship between prehistoric human and land is the core of environmental archaeology, and the interaction process between typical regions and periods of human activities and natural environment has become a hot topic in academic research. The Chinese Loess Plateau is an ideal place for the study of environmental archaeology, and how prehistoric people use wood resources is not well understood in this area.. This project intends to select the Hulu river basin, the core area of the western Chinese Loess Plateau, as the main study area. Systematic archaeological survey in combination with archaeological excavation in this area, flotation samples will be taken from archaeological sites in different neolithic period(6-3ka BP) to obtain macro-charcoal remains. The time sequence will be established based on 14C dating. With High-precision identification, the relative frequency and abundance of each charcoal species will be statistically counted, and hence the composition of woodland vegetation will be reconstrcutedAs important selective criterion, wood diameter and physiological state information will be gained depended on the quantitative observation of transverse section of charcoals to study firewood collection strategy. By comparing the differences of charcoal species composition in different relic units (ash pit, housing and pillar holes), and the abundance change of fruit trees (excavated from ash pit) in time sequence, the selective exploitation strategy and possible fruit cultivation and management behavior will be studied. This project is helpful for us to more deeply understand the interaction between prehistoric human society and the natural environment on the Chinese Loess Plateau.

史前人地关系是环境考古学研究的核心，典型区域、时段人类活动和自然环境的互动过程成为学术研究的热点。黄土高原是环境考古学研究的理想场所，史前人群如何利用木材资源是本地区人地关系研究的薄弱环节。本项目拟选择黄土高原西部核心区葫芦河流域作为主要的考古调查区域，结合区域内考古发掘，在新石器不同时期(6-3ka BP)考古遗址采取浮选样品，获取木炭大化石。通过木炭的14C测年，建立年代序列；高精度鉴定木炭种属，统计出土率与丰度，获取林木资源组成种属信息；定量观测木炭横截面微形态，提取收集木材的直径和生理状态等信息，研究史前不同时期人群对薪柴的收集策略；对比不同遗迹单元（灰坑，房址、柱洞）木炭种属差异，建立（灰坑出土）果树类木炭含量的变化序列，研究史前人群对木本植物的选择性利用策略，探讨可能存在的果树栽培管理行为。本项目研究有利于更深刻地认识黄土高原史前人类社会和自然环境之间的互动关系。

葫芦河流域地处陇西黄土高原，人类活动历史悠久，生态环境敏感脆弱，是研究史前人地关系的理想区域。在项目的支持下，研究团队系统收集了葫芦河流域新石器-青铜时代（6-3 ka BP）植物浮选样品，对当时农业人群木材资源的利用策略和林地植被演化影响因素进行了讨论。共采集浮选样品约250份，鉴定木炭4500余块，获得200组木炭扫描电镜照片，20个14C年代数据。研究结果显示，大地湾遗址仰韶中期人群以利用铁木属、栎属和榛属木材为主，用于多种用途。木材利用存在一定的选择性，栎更多的用作薪柴，铁木可能为主要的建筑用材，人类会收集枯枝朽木，并且相对偏爱直径较小的木材。在葫芦河流域6-3 ka BP 时段，遗址周边林地植被类型主要是以栎属、榆属、槭树属及桦木科为代表的落叶阔叶林，存在一定量的竹林，针叶林植被较少。林地植被种属组成保持稳定，竹亚科等亚热带种属木炭的含量变化与区域气候条件密切相关。人类活动对林地植被的影响不显著，可能与薪柴收集策略以及当地农业特殊的土地利用方式有关。本项研究为深入认识陇西黄土高原人地关系提供了新的视角和科学证据。