基于传统营造技艺抢救整理的我国穿斗架分类区系与传承研究

As one of dominant structures in Chinese traditional architecture, column and tie construction is regarded as the characteristic of architecture system in Southern China and has an important significance in chinse architecture history research and the regional architecture design . However,the classification, pedigree and division of the folk heritage are not known clearly by researchers for lack of “grammar books”, ancient buildings, historical documents and for strong regional characteristic though a lot of investigations about them have be completed. At the same time,building craftsmanship of column and tie construction contains some secrets about its building and local culture in the past. Therefore, it becoms an important way to study the construction..Taking investigations of traditonal building craftmanship related to eight types of national intangible cultural heritages as the starting point, this project researches comprehensively column and tie construction. First,through field investigation, supplementary survey and sciencific arrangement of carpentry work for column and tie construction in main regions are conducted to construct its building craftmanship database. Then, its classification standard and type system are determined based on case study and comparative study of multiple craftworks. Moreover, by combing traditional society and culture background and adopting modern analysis technologies such as GIS, the characteristics and relationship of different column and tie constructions are explored. Based on these analyses, division schema of the construction is proposed and its pedigree is explored. Finally, key regional features of column and tie construction are analyzed and summaried to provide technical support for modern inheritance..This projcet reveals fully the characteristics of the building craftsworks of column and tie construction and attains their complete understanding in the region and history based on its ontology. It has a great significance in enhancing architecture history research of timber structure and promoting good inheritance of cultural heritages.

穿斗架是我国传统建筑最主要木架类型之一，构成南方建筑系统特征，对于中国建筑史研究和地域营造实践具有重要意义。由于穿斗架地域特征强、缺少“文法课本”、古老遗存少、历史文献缺乏，前人虽已开展不少调研工作，但其类型、分布与谱系仍若明若暗。而传承久远的建筑营造技艺，既饱含穿斗架生成密码，又蕴含丰富地域与历史信息。鉴于此，本项目提出系统整理营造技艺探索穿斗架的思路。首先，以8项21处国家级“非遗”相关营造技艺为入手点，全面抢救整理，建立我国穿斗架技艺资料库。其次，通过多技艺比较，建立穿斗架分类标准及类型系统；同时，结合地理学背景，利用GIS等分析技术，明晰各穿斗架的差异和关联，提出区划方案，建构穿斗架谱系。最后，研制各穿斗架特色要点，为当代传承提供技术支撑。本项目立足于穿斗架技艺本体，揭示各穿斗架特色内涵，达成对穿斗架时空整体性理解，有利于弥补南方木构建筑史研究之不足、促进建筑文化遗产的有效传承。

穿斗架是我国最主要的木构架类型之一，构成南方建筑的主要特征。项目分别对各地穿斗架技艺做法、穿斗架分类、谱系、区划和特色传承进行研究。研究目标是揭示各穿斗架技艺规则，建构穿斗架的南方区域整体性关联。.通过学术史回顾，对作为学科基本概念的穿斗架定义进行了完善和厘定，指出了穿斗架的本质是“柱架”结构，明确了穿斗架的两个基本结构特征是“柱承檩”和“枋穿柱”，提出了穿斗架判别方法。调查分析穿斗架营造技艺，是穿斗架重要研究途径。通过实地调研，收集了200余处村镇民居的穿斗架技艺的资料，撰写了有关皖、赣、桂、黔、滇、湘等地代表性穿斗架技艺的调查报告。在穿斗架谱系和分类方面，借助生物进化理论，探索了穿斗架演化的方向、路径和方式，指出：作为标准形制意义的穿斗架祖型，经由强化或偏离发展，形成“表现化”“抬梁化”和“地方化”三种演化方向，具体演化路径主要有构架构成演化、构件形式演化和构造结点演化，由此而形成新的关联性的穿斗架样式。在此基础上，提出了穿斗架的“四类九型”分类方案，其中“抬梁化类”是最主要类型，其踪迹几乎遍布南方各地，又分为四“型”：柱瓜穿枋型、插枋型、插梁型、箍梁型；“地方化类”位于穿斗架边缘地区，有斜梁型、叠枋型；“表现化类”位于穿斗架核心区的周边相对闭塞地区，凉山彝族的拱架是其典型代表。在穿斗架区划方面，针对存在于地域相关联的穿斗架多样性现象，以穿斗架本体特征为依据，结合自然地理、人文地理，把穿斗架分为七个区域，提出了穿斗架区划方案。在特色传承方面，是以建筑复原的个案研究切入的。.本项目的穿斗架技艺调查报告，构成了建筑史学科研究重要学术资源；对穿斗架定义的厘定，成为了建筑学科核心术语规范化的重要基础；穿斗架谱系的建立，以及穿斗架类型与区划方案的提出，皆学界首次进行的全面系统尝试，具有把我国木构架研究提升到更高科学层次的意义。