赣东北传统村镇聚落古戏台建筑营造技艺研究

Northeastern Jiangxi province is located in the northeast of Jiangxi province, the south coast of the middle Yangtze river, on the west of Zhejiang province, on the north of Fujian province, on the east of Poyang lake, and on the south of Anhui province. Northeastern Jiangxi has convenient traffic, had frequent immigration in history,and is one of the most important areas where the immigration happened.Immigrants made the historical culture in Northeastern Jiangxi rich and variou, and spread the opera. With the spread of the opera from Zhejiang province to Yiyang and from Yiyang to Leping, Northeastern Jiangxi became the cradle of Jiangxi opera. With the the prosperity of Chinese traditional opera, the ancient opera stages appeared and increased, and gradually became an unique architectural art which ont only closely connected with Jiangxi opera but also run together with it. These traditional stages in Northeast Jiangxi are the collection of history, culture, architecture, art. Because of the large scale of stages as well as the variety decorative arts of them, the stages gradually formed regional culture with salient features and became the organic component of Po culture in Jiangxi. The Po culture in Jiangxi is a cultural system with abundant content, and it is well-known for its brilliant historical effect. The impulse of modern urbanization and globalization made Jiangxi losing the regional feature. Establishing the importance of regional culture and revealing the possibility of modern inheritance of Po culture in jiangxi are best presented in Northeastern Jiangxi’s ancient opera stages. It has profound influence for the study of craftsman feat of ancient opera stages in Northeast Jiangxi, for the general understanding the regional feature, for the protecting and carrying forward the Po culture in Jiangxi and for the route of sustainable developing creation of regionalization.

赣东北在江西省东北部，东邻浙江，南连福建，西接鄱阳湖，北毗安徽，地区交通便利，该地区是江西省最重要的移民发生地区之一。移民使得该地区历史文化层丰富多样，戏曲是其中之一。随着戏曲自浙江传至赣东北，最终使该地区成为赣剧的发源地。戏曲的繁荣也使得古戏台随之出现并增多，逐渐成为与赣剧血肉相连且并驾齐驱的独特建筑艺术。赣东北古戏台数量多，分布广，集历史文化、建筑艺术于一身，风格多样、异彩纷呈，经过多年的演变，逐渐形成了具有鲜明特色的地域文化，成为赣鄱文化的有机组成部分。赣鄱文化是有丰富多彩内容的文化体系，其辉煌的历史作用有目共睹，城市化、全球化的冲击使得江西正在逐步丧失地域特色，确立地域文化的重要性，揭示赣鄱文化现代传承的可能性，这可从文化遗存丰富的赣东北古戏台得到最好的体现。赣东北古戏台营造技艺的研究，对于全面认识了解地区性特色，保护与弘扬赣鄱文化，走地区化的持续发展创作之路，无疑具有深远的影响。

古戏台建筑文化是中华传统文化的有机组成部分。课题研究从以下几个部分展开：第一，课题组通过赣东北典型村镇聚落的选取，从流域的角度研究聚落古戏台的空间分布特征以及古戏台在聚落中的分布与规划特点；第二，分析赣东北古戏台的建筑材料与构成；第三，分析赣东北工匠的营造工具、分工、协作与设计技艺特点；第四，分析赣东北古戏台的基础处理与地面铺装、木构架特点及营造工艺、屋顶做法、墙体做法等，并就部分施工技艺与北方及浙江进行初步比较；第五，分析赣东北古戏台的装饰技艺与雕刻文化内涵；第六，分析传统戏台匾额、楹联与题壁特点以及古戏台相关民俗特点；第七，对江西典型戏台进行实例综合分析；第八，运用三维仿真、木结构模型、三维激光扫描、3D打印手段致力于赣东北古戏台的还原与保护的尝试；第九，分析古戏台的现状与非物质文化遗产的保护与传承。.研究使用了田野调查等多种方法，既对戏台个案进行深入的研究，又在剖析个案的基础上，整体把握赣东北古戏台建筑营造技艺的特征。课题组调研掌握赣东北戏台工匠的生存现状与技艺传承特点。揭示古戏台设计技艺、大木技艺、雕刻技艺的内容以及戏台营造仪式与建造过程。并初步就工匠工具“引棍”与浙江婺州的“套照”技术、北方官式“讨退法”进行初步比较，分析各地工匠技艺特点。基本完成课题申报书中的内容要求。.研究认为，古戏台建筑的产生、营造与发展受戏曲传播（弋阳腔、青阳腔、南戏、宜黄腔等）、宗教信仰（如受净明道教影响的万寿宫戏台）、宗法制度（祠堂戏台）、世俗理性（如万年台）、经济发展（会馆戏台、商业会所戏台）共同作用的结果，体现着多元文化的影响。.研究认为赣东北古戏台数量多，分布广，集历史文化与建筑艺术于一身，风格多样。古戏台营造具有典型性、独特性、延续性、创新性、地区性与乡土性，经过多年的演变，戏台文化成为赣鄱文化的有机组成部分。古戏台建筑营造技艺的研究，对于全面认识了解地区性特色，保护与弘扬赣鄱文化，走地区化的持续发展之路，无疑具有深远的影响。