基于循证设计理论的类型建筑设计方法研究 ——以城市养老机构为例

In order to provide the fair public service, typological architectech such as schools, medical facilities and elderly institutes have become the construction hot spots in contemporary China. Hence it is highly in demand to develop the theories and technics of architecture design for the specific building types with scentific methodology. With the aim to promote space outcome, Evidence-Based Design theory provides its decision with available research evidence via the involvement of users and clients. According to these, the EBD model can be a clear guide to create a new scentific design methodolgy for building types mentioned above. With the EBD theory and research base on Aging Housing in the last decade, we plan to start the methodology research from the Urban Institute for the Elderly. According to the theories and methodology of "Evidence based design (EBD)", this research will be launched with an initiative to promote the space outcome. Focusing on the major areas of the urban institute for the elderly as the units, typical layouts, as well as the public spaces, the research will set a long term investigation on three major types of users- the elderly and their families, the nurses and stuff, the managers, and their different reaction and feedback with the major spaces mentioned above. With the relative evidences and shortages gain from the early investigation, as well as the available research evidence from global and local, comparison study will be set between the original spaces with the controlled models newly remodelled by the research team. Simultaneously, a database will be built with three types of resources- the evidence from the investigation, the successful evidence translated from western countries including the review from the Center of Health Design (CHD), along with the relative results from the Chinese Database like CNKI, Wangfang and Weipu which are filtered from Medicine, Management and Psychology studies with the key words- crucial issues- gotten from the investigation. Using Scorecard rating and Meta analysis method, further research will be reviewed from the database which makes it accessible for the architects and scholars to use in EBD researches and practices. With the EBD database and the investigation result, a model space will be built in the last phase of the research to demonstrate the positive influence on the elderly institute from a design with the EBD methodology. In the last phase, the research will find out the general discipline for space design to promote the space outcome with scentific evidence, and provide a reliable theory base along with typical EBD database, and related technologies. In sum, the achivement from this research will not only benefit further studies and practices on the urban institute for the elderly, but also the draft EBD research model for the other typological architecture like schools and medical facilities in China.

为提供更全面的公共服务，以教育、医疗和养老等类型建筑为代表的公共服务设施已成为近期建设重点，因此亟需开发以科学方法指导该领域建筑设计的理论与技术。"循证设计"以提升空间绩效为目标，强调使用者群体研究并以科学证据为成果的特征对上述领域的设计方法创新有明确指导价值。 基于循证设计理论并依托老人居住建筑研究积累，课题计划以城市养老机构为突破口开展研究。以提升空间绩效为目标，城市养老机构主要空间与使用者群体为研究对象，通过绩效调查发现突出问题；筛选循证设计国际前沿与国内相关领域近期成果获取适用的证据；应用证据实施改造并形成实验对照；以层次评级与数据荟萃方法评估实验结果并递进优化；建立清晰量化易复制的典型循证样板与应用示范加以检验。 研究将落实"研究、应用、循证"的研究框架，形成样板资源并积累相关技术,为城市养老机构建筑设计提供理论指导与设计依据，并提出其他类型建筑中推广循证设计的研究模型。

为提供更全面、更充分的公共服务，以教育、医疗和养老为代表的公共服务设施作为一种建筑类型已成为近期建设重点。因此亟需研究以科学方法指导公共服务设施建筑设计，尤其是提升空间绩效的设计理论和技术。空间绩效指特定功能空间在现有空间结构下的收益、效果和效率，在当代的经济学领域被广泛用于评价资源配置的效率。“循证设计”理论的核心特征——以提升空间绩效为目标，强调使用者群体研究，从成功案例提取科学证据，对于指导公共服务设施建筑设计研究的设计方法创新有明确指导价值。通过对社区养老设施为代表的城市养老机构的大规模调查，发现阻碍空间绩效提升和抑制设施空间与使用者群体协同效应发生的问题。针对问题筛选循证设计前沿与国内相关领域的研究成果，并应用证据实施空间设计和改造。为了解社区养老设施的空间绩效和老年人行为偏好，设计了基于信息通信技术 (ICT) 实验、问卷调查和访谈的实验研究方法；采用ICT感应设备记录使用者的通过行为，分析数据得到空间的实时使用情况、个人时空轨迹与设施空间使用效率。对典型高效利用的城市养老设施的ICT实验获取了这些设施的时空间使用情况，通过对于实时采集的数据的分析获得了使用者群体的空间轨迹和行为偏好，为开展相关的设计提供了可以参照的模板。空间绩效实验证明ICT技术切实可行，有助于为优化空间绩效的建筑设计提供可靠的循证参考。汇集文献搜集、调查实证和绩效实验获得的有效循证形成了清晰量化易于复制的典型循证样板，并通过实施建成应用示范。以空间绩效为核心目标，基于ICT技术和行为学调查的的研究方法，以及 “发现-观测-应用-评估”的技术路线，为未来在其他公共服务类建筑开展空间绩效实验提供了技术准备。