酿酒葡萄越冬冻害形成机理研究

Winter freezing of wine grape was one of the main agricultural meteorological disaster in northern China, and it seriously restricted the sustainable development of wine grape industry because occur in different degree every year.Our project based on the laboratory experiment, field experiment and the field investigation, and using the method of mathematical statistics, analysis of the relation between the cold resistance characteristics and different varieties of wine grape, winter hardiness physiology and nutritional status of grape under.different cold acclimation, the winter freezing on wine grape root and branch of the physical chemical damage of the grape variety, winter hardiness, different nutritional status of wine grape before winter and the cold resistance as well as cold resistance physiology during winter and so on, combined with the meteorological conditions during winter and growth and development of bud to research the wine grape winter freezing formation mechanism,to develop winter freezing formation theory of wine grape, to establish the response relation between physiological biochemical indexes of wine grape and different freezing conditions, and to establish different varieties of wine grape winter freezing weather index system.Provide the basis for development of forecasting, damage assessment and disaster prevention technology of wine grape winter freezing. The main research contents including:(a) identification of cold resistance of different varieties of wine grape. (b) influence nutrition before the winter and cold resistant physiology of wine grape.(c) research on freezing injury during winter effect on wine grape shoots and root physiology.(d)theoretical analysis on the formation mechanism of the wine grape winter freezing.

越冬冻害是中国北方酿酒葡萄的主要农业气象灾害之一，每年都有不同程度的发生，严重制约着酿酒葡萄产业可持续发展。本项目在室内实验、田间试验和野外调查基础上，运用数理统计方法，通过分析不同品种酿酒葡萄的抗寒特性，不同抗寒锻炼、冬前营养状况下葡萄的耐寒生理，冻害对酿酒葡萄根系和枝条的物理化学伤害，从葡萄品种抗寒性、冬前不同营养状况和抗寒锻炼下葡萄的耐寒性、越冬期抗寒生理，结合春季新稍生长对冻害等级的响应，揭示酿酒葡萄越冬冻害形成机理，发展酿酒葡萄越冬冻害形成理论，建立酿酒葡萄生理、生化指标与不同冷冻条件的响应关系，建立不同品种酿酒葡萄越冬冻害气象指标体系，为酿酒葡萄越冬冻害预测、损失评估、灾害防御等技术发展提供基础支撑。研究内容包括：①不同品种酿酒葡萄抗寒性鉴定；②越冬前营养状况和抗寒锻炼对酿酒葡萄耐寒生理的影响；③越冬期冻害对酿酒葡萄枝条和根系生理影响研究；④酿酒葡萄越冬冻害形成过程及机理分析。

越冬冻害是酿酒葡萄主要气象灾害之一，发生的范围广、频率高、损失大。项目组紧紧围绕入冬前不同营养状况、自然冷驯化对酿酒葡萄耐寒力的影响？酿酒葡萄的低温适应机制与冻害形成机理等科学问题开展联合攻关，通过连续4年的田间试验、野外调查和室内生理生化检测，对不同品种酿酒葡萄枝条新稍和新生嫩根石蜡切片（FAA固定，番红固绿染色）和显微观察，分析了不同品种酿酒葡萄枝条和根系导管、韧皮部微物理结构对抗寒性的影响；研究了不同树龄、不同产量水平（负载量）对酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒能力的影响；研究了自然冷驯化条件下酿酒葡萄抗寒能力形成过程，定量分析了酿酒葡萄枝条耐寒性与最低气温的定量关系，揭示了不同品种抗寒力的低温诱导机制；研究了酿酒葡萄枝条、根系在低温诱导下渗透调节物质（Pro、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白）和植物抗逆保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）的响应过程，检测了不同低温强度下酿酒葡萄根系、枝条的过冷却点、电导率变化。从葡萄品种抗寒性、冬前耐寒生理、越冬期抗寒生理三方面结合越冬期低温条件，揭示了酿酒葡萄越冬冻害形成机理。回答了酿酒葡萄越冬冻害形成的物理、化学、生理机理，发展了酿酒葡萄越冬冻害形成理论。鉴定了不同品种（品系）酿酒葡萄抗寒能力等级，建立不同品种酿酒葡萄越冬冻害气象指标体系。项目在自然冷驯化过程的低温诱导机制、葡萄根茎部抗寒性鉴定、根系不同部位抗寒性鉴定等方面具有创新性。项目成果已申报气象行业标准《酿酒葡萄越冬冻害气象等级》，为酿酒葡萄越冬冻害预测、损失评估、风险区划、灾害防御等技术发展提供基础支撑，研究成果具有广阔的应用前景。部分研究成果在2020年贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄越冬冻害监测、预警业务服务中得到应用，产生了明显的社会经济效益。