“普二新政”下家庭友好政策与女性家庭-工作平衡关系研究

In the context of “double new normality” of long-lasting low fertility rate and the slowdown of both population and labor force growth, the CPCCC has decided to implement a universal two-child policy. A motivation for this policy, which began in 2016, is China’s long-term, balanced and sustainable population and socioeconomic development. However, the arrival of the second child is likely to increase the economic and non-economic burdens on families. Since women shoulder both childbirth and childcare duties, having a second child is likely to result in a new round of and more severe work-family conflict. This conflict could force them to make choices between work and family, the two fundamental pillars of individual life. However, experience in the west has shown that family-friendly policy can successfully reduce work-family conflicts and thus reduce some women’s hesitation to give birth to a second child. This proposed project explores the relationship between work and family, and investigates how family-friendly policy may facilitate work-family balance of women in China from both supply side (policy) and demand side (women and their families). ..Drawing on literature review, quantitative and qualitative research methods, and utilizing content analysis, theoretical reasoning, case study, index construction and modeling techniques, as well as policy simulation, this project has four aims: ..Theoretically, it aims to (1) define the boundary of work, family, and work-family balance in relation to childbearing and childrearing; (2) disentangle the relationship between work and family; and (3) explore the underlying mechanism and channel by which family-friendly policy is linked to work-family balance. This theoretical (frame)work is designed to provide guidance for this project and will inform data analysis. ..Empirically, it aims to: (1) illustrate the status, changing trends, pattern and associates of work-family balance from multiple perspectives; (2) assess the heterogeneity in work-family balance among women by age, locations, work, number of children, etc.;and (3) understand how the presence or absence of family-friendly policy may be linked to work-family balance, including women’s perspectives on the supports that may be especially useful. To do so, the proposed project draws on existing quantitative datasets, and representative survey data and in-depth interview data to be collected; it will create individual indicators and develop a comprehensive index, including both subjective and objective measures of work-family balance. The family-side objective indicators may include, among others, fertility desire, fertility, economic cost and opportunity cost of childbearing and childrearing, and the work-side indicators may include the threshold in the labor market, promotion, income and career development. ..In policy, by using content analysis and the System Analysis Method, this project would (1) systematically and comprehensively sort existing family policies in China, and compare them with corresponding policies in other low fertility countries, France, Germany, Sweden, Japan, USA, for example; (2) evaluate the presence and absence of family-friendly policy in China with a particular focus on assessing policy strengths and weaknesses; and (3) evaluate critical areas for policy improvements. ..Finally, based on the above research, this project is to build a localized family-friendly policy system that is responsive to the needs and demands of Chinese women regarding work-family balance. The stakeholders of this system will include the state, government department, work unit and enterprise, social organization, community and the family, each playing different yet complementary roles. With the support of family-friendly policy, women will not only desire, but also have the courage to give birth to a second child.

在生育率持续低迷、人口和劳动力增量减缓的“双新常态”下，十八届五中全会决定，全面实施二孩政策，推动人口长期均衡和经济社会可持续发展。但是，二孩生育增大家庭养育压力；女性作为生育和家庭照料“双主体”，将面临新一轮家庭-工作（简称“家职”）的矛盾冲突，从而使得人生立足之本的家庭和职业，如同鱼与熊掌，难以兼得。经验表明，家庭友好政策可有效平衡家职双重责任，消解二孩生育的恐惧心态。本项目从家庭友好政策视角切入，从供给侧和需求方两个层面，采用文献、定量、质性研究方法，借助内容分析、理论思辨、案例剖析、指数建构、模型建立、政策仿真等手段，整合跨学科资源，从理论上考量家庭友好政策与家职平衡的关系，从实证上细致且综合考察女性家职平衡的模式、特点及其政策需求，从政策上评估中国家庭友好政策的现状和局限、找到政策的突破口，从体系上建构并完善本土化的家庭友好政策体系，让人们不仅想生、而且敢生、最终放心地生。

全面两孩政策遇冷，与女性面临的工作与家庭（下面简称“家职”）矛盾冲突密切关联；探索“普二新政”下家庭友好政策与家职平衡的关联机理与路径，对释放二孩生育潜力，促进家职协同发展具有重要意义 。.本课题组围绕“‘普二新政’下家庭友好政策与女性家职平衡关系”议题，开展较大规模的社会调查与深度访谈，并结合全国性调查数据和文献资料，开展课题研究。进行理论探索：系统梳理和阐述了家庭友好政策与家职平衡的概念内涵、关系关联的路径与机制，基于“边界与跨界”视角，对家职关系进行理想类型划分；创新性地提出并阐释了“性别—母职双重赋税”这一理论分析框架，揭示出“性别税”和“母职税”独自和共享的作用机制，并从理论思辨角度对此进行了分解。开展实证分析：利用“性别—母职双重赋税”理论框架和全国性代表数据，考察女性在“生孩”与“升职”之间的冲突现状，分析其背后的社会机制，发现“重税”呈现出3种不同的作用机制：就业门槛主要由性别—婚姻驱动，职场中断由婚姻—生育驱动，酬薪由性别—生育驱动。这样的特点与中国依旧存留的性别观念与社会分工密不可分：对1990-2010年间性别观念和家务分工的变动趋势的分析可知，尽管性别观念更趋平等，但社会分工却出现回潮，女性的家务劳动时间依旧大约是男性的三倍。进而，尽管男性的家务参与并不显著影响其生育意愿，但丈夫家务参与较高，妻子的生育意愿更强；而若女性过多卷入家务劳动，其生育意愿将显著降低，主要是因工作—家庭责任难以平衡所致——虽然生育政策通过“控量”、“提质”而极大地降低了家庭子女数量，但在低生育率情境下，育儿焦虑使得女性工作—家庭责任更难平衡。转化社会价值：针对宏观层面女性就业率和出生率双降、家庭层面育儿与职场发展双失局面，结合国际国内家庭政策实践，提出建构符合国情的家庭友好政策建议。相关建议得到时任副总理的刘延东同志的批示和全国妇联副主席谭琳同志批示。