思维方式对幸福感影响机制研究：基于压力知觉矛盾性视角的跨层次模型

Subjective well-being (SWB) not only can be seen as people’s expectation on good life, but also as a crucial national development index. Recent years, much attention has been paid to the influence of dialectical thinking on SWB, the influential mechanism, however, is still not very clear. For example, past studies show that more dialectical thinking leads to better coping ability and flexibility while it also results in lower SWB and worse psychological adjustment. Given greater coping flexibility is associated with greater well-being, the influential mechanism of dialectical thinking on SWB may not be through coping ability or flexibility. In order to address the issue of influential mechanism of dialectical thinking, in this project, perception of stressors will be involved, and we attempt to investigate: (1) How dialectical thinking influences individuals’ perception of stressors i.e., does higher dialectical thinking lead to higher ambivalent perception of stressors? (2) How such ambivalent perception of stressors influences the relationship between dialectical thinking and SWB? (3) In Chinese organizational contexts, how such process is influenced by the crucial organizational factors including Leader’s thinking styles, Leader-member exchange, and organizational support. Through the above three steps of this project, we try to explore the influence of dialectical thinking on perception of stressors, and the relationship between these two factors and SWB. This project could not only provide researchers with a potential mechanism of dialectical thinking on SWB, but also help policy makers to implement the policy of promoting people’s well-being and to construct a happy China.

幸福不仅是人们追求更好生活的心理期盼，也是国家发展的重要指标。近年来辩证思维与幸福感的关系受到中外学者重视，但其对幸福感的影响机制并不清晰。比如，研究显示辩证思维在能带来较高的应对能力的同时也伴随着较低的心理适应性和幸福感。由于较高的应对能力应该和较高的幸福感联系，可见，辩证思维对幸福感的影响机制可能并非通过应对能力或应对灵活性。基于对此过程机制的思考，本项目从压力知觉入手，着力考察：辩证思维如何影响压力知觉，即高辩证思维是否导致高压力知觉矛盾性(ambivalence)？ 压力知觉矛盾性如何影响辩证思维与个体幸福感之间的关系？以及中国组织情境下的重要因素如领导者的思维方式、领导成员交换关系以及组织支持在此过程中起到什么作用？通过这三步研究，我们试图探究辩证思维对压力知觉的影响及其与幸福感的关系。本项目不仅有助于厘清辩证思维对幸福感的作用机制，更有助于国民幸福感的政策实施和幸福中国的建设。

本课题以幸福感为中心，集中探讨个体差异的思维方式对其影响的作用和机制。基于交互模型理论(Transactional Model, Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)和压力认知评价理论(Cognitive Appraisal theory, Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)，我们分析了幸福感影响要素和个体内心体验的心理过程。同时，还着重对思维方式引起的个体决策与选择的方式进行了探究，以明晰其在影响个体幸福感上的作用和贡献。我们按照计划执行了本课题的相关研究工作，研究结果主要体现在三个方面。第一，以大学生数据为基础，开展的幸福感研究前期工作。主要结果是发现积极心理学的重要概念——感恩与乐观——可以成功公正信念影响抑郁和幸福感的重要作用机制。第二，围绕辩证思维与矛盾性感知展开的研究，主要结果是发现与课题的核心推论一致，辩证思维容易增加人们的矛盾性感知，进而导致人们在决策中的犹豫不决，也削弱幸福感。针对这一议题，我们还进行跨文化比较，在比对了中国大陆，香港，以及加拿大的数据之后，还进一步厘清了，辩证思维、矛盾性感知、乐观、以及经济发展四要素对人们决策和幸福感的影响。该研究极具贡献性，已发表在跨文化心理学顶级期刊Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology。第三，围绕领导成员交换（LMX）的研究，我们集中探讨了领导与员工的交互影响对员工创造力的影响。论文也已发表在Journal of Business Ethics上。综上所述，围绕幸福感的议题，本课题从积极心理学、管理学、以及跨文化心理学等方面进行了详细而深入的探讨，取得了丰富的成果。